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In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.
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The Mouse Hindbrain As a Model for Studying Embryonic Neurogenesis
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The Mouse Hindbrain As a Model for Studying Embryonic Neurogenesis

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Embryonic neurogenesis in echinoderms.

Veronica F Hinman1, Robert D Burke2

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Developmental Biology
|February 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Echinoderms offer insights into deuterostome evolution. Recent advances in genomics and molecular methods are illuminating embryonic neurogenesis and larval nervous system development in these key model organisms.

Keywords:
cellular signalingdeuterostomesgene regulatory networkslarval nervous systemneurogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Comparative Development and Evolution
  • Model Systems
  • Body Plan Evolution
  • Early Embryonic Development

Background:

  • Echinoderms are crucial for understanding deuterostome evolution due to their phylogenetic position.
  • Echinoderm neurobiology is understudied, but progress is being made through genomic and systems approaches.
  • Larval nervous systems in echinoderms, despite diverse larval morphology, share organizational similarities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the mechanisms of embryonic neurogenesis in echinoderms.
  • To understand the organization and development of larval nervous systems.
  • To identify gene regulatory networks involved in neurogenesis and their evolutionary significance.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing genomic resources and molecular methods.
  • Applying systems approaches to study neurogenesis.
  • Employing neuron-specific labels for neuroanatomy studies.
  • Investigating gene regulatory networks and transcription factor functions.

Main Results:

  • Identified diverse neural subtypes and specialized sensory neurons in echinoderm larvae.
  • Established gene regulatory networks for early ectoderm patterning and axis specification.
  • Characterized neurogenesis, including asymmetric division and progenitor proliferation.
  • Highlighted the role of Delta/Notch signaling in neural patterning and differentiation.

Conclusions:

  • Echinoderm embryonic neurogenesis shares conserved metazoan features.
  • Understanding neurogenic gene regulatory networks is key to deciphering metazoan nervous system evolution.
  • Further research is needed to interface neurogenic networks with ectodermal patterning for a comprehensive view.