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Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Methodology for the Study of Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococcus aureus
Published on: March 10, 2017
Study of MazEF, sam, and phd-doc putative toxin-antitoxin systems in Staphylococcus epidermidis
Sadeghi Kalani Behrooz1, Lotfollahi Lida2, Shivaee Ali1
11 Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.
Abstract:
Today, to replace the antibacterial targets to overcome antibiotic resistance, toxin-antitoxin (TA) system is noticeable, where the unstable antitoxin neutralizes the stable toxin and protects the bacteria against the toxic effects. The presence and expression of TA genes in clinical and non-clinical strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis were investigated in this study. After identification of three TA pairs (mazEF, sam, and phd-doc) via existing databases (earlier, there has been no information in the case of S. epidermidis isolates), the presence and expression of these pairs were investigated by PCR and q-PCR, respectively. We detected three TA modules in all antibiotic sensitive and resistant isolates. In addition, q-PCR analysis revealed that the transcripts were produced from the three TA modules. This study showed the significant prevalence of these systems in pathogenic bacteria and they were equally found in both oxacillin-resistant and oxacillin-susceptible bacteria. The high prevalence of three systems can make them suitable as potential targets for antibiotic therapy.
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