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Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers01:22

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Understanding the working function of different types of controllers can be illustrated with practical analogies, such as adjusting a stereo's volume equalizer. Cranking up the bass involves a phase-lead controller, which functions as a high-pass filter, while increasing the treble uses a phase-lag controller, which acts as a low-pass filter. PD controllers, similar to high-pass filters, enhance the system's response to high-frequency components. PI controllers, akin to low-pass...
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Electrocardiogram Recordings in Anesthetized Mice using Lead II
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Should We Keep the Lead in the Aprons?

Gabriel Bartal1, Anna M Sailer2, Eliseo Vano3

  • 1Department of Medical Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba 44281, Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology
|February 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Protective aprons used in fluoroscopy-guided interventional procedures (FGIP) require better regulation and testing. Medical staff must verify apron effectiveness to ensure adequate protection from scatter radiation during procedures.

Keywords:
occupational exposurepersonnel radiation safetyprotective aprons

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiology
  • Occupational Health

Background:

  • Medical staff in fluoroscopy-guided interventional procedures (FGIP) are primarily exposed to scatter radiation from patients.
  • While patient and occupational radiation exposure are regulated, protective apron testing and labeling lack consistent oversight.
  • Interventional radiologists (IRs) need to understand radiation protection but often lack knowledge of apron testing methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight inconsistencies in protective apron testing and labeling for FGIP.
  • To educate interventional radiologists on the importance of verifying protective garment efficacy.
  • To provide practical guidance for selecting and ensuring the effectiveness of radiation protective aprons.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current regulations and common practices for protective apron testing.
  • Analysis of discrepancies between manufacturer claims and independent testing of apron attenuation.
  • Discussion of the role of medical physicists in evaluating protective garments.

Main Results:

  • Manufacturer data on apron effectiveness can be misleading, often reporting performance at a single energy level.
  • Independent testing reveals that apron attenuation may be lower than expected at other critical energy levels.
  • Current regulatory frameworks for apron testing and labeling are insufficient.

Conclusions:

  • Protective garments are not uniformly effective, necessitating independent verification.
  • Interventional radiologists should consult medical physicists and review personal dosimetry to select appropriate protective aprons.
  • Ensuring the proper selection and use of protective garments is crucial for safe practice in FGIP.