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Related Concept Videos

Power01:08

Power

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The concept of work involves force and displacement; meanwhile, the work-energy theorem relates the net work done on a body to the difference in its kinetic energy, calculated between two points on its trajectory. While none of these quantities or relations involves time explicitly, we know that the time available to accomplish work is often just as important as the amount of work itself. For example, sprinters in a race may have achieved the same velocity at the finish, therefore,...
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In definite integration, Riemann sums approximate the area under a curve by dividing it into subintervals and summing the areas of rectangles. When these approximations follow predictable numerical patterns, such as arithmetic or polynomial sequences, sum formulas offer a more efficient and accurate way to compute the result. In particular, the sum of consecutive integers, squares, and cubes plays an essential role in simplifying these calculations, especially when dealing with uniform...
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Power engineers have introduced the concept of complex power to determine the cumulative effect of parallel loads. This idea plays a crucial role in power analysis because it encompasses all the details related to the power consumed by a specific load.
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Electric power is the product of current and voltage, represented in units of joules per second, or watts. For example, cars often have one or more auxiliary power outlets with which you can charge a cell phone or other electronic devices. These outlets may be rated at 20 amps and 12 volts, so that the circuit can deliver a maximum power of 240 watts. Consider a 25 Watt bulb and a 60 Watt bulb. The conversion of electrical energy produces heat and light, while the kinetic energy lost by the...
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Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

In Situ Measurement and Correlation of Cell Density and Light Emission of Bioluminescent Bacteria
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In Situ Measurement and Correlation of Cell Density and Light Emission of Bioluminescent Bacteria

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Painting with light-powered bacteria.

Jochen Arlt1, Vincent A Martinez2, Angela Dawson2

  • 1School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK. j.arlt@ed.ac.uk.

Nature Communications
|February 24, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers used light to control bacteria swimming speed, enabling smart templated active self-assembly of micro- and nano-structures in situ for applications like personalized medicine.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Self-assembly is a key fabrication technique for micro- and nano-structures.
  • Controlling active self-assembly in situ remains a challenge.
  • Applications span personalized medicine and advanced materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate external control over microswimmer speed for in situ self-assembly.
  • To develop 'smart templated active self assembly' using light-patterned fields.
  • To investigate the physics and biology of pattern formation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing spatially patterned light fields to control motile *Escherichia coli* bacteria.
  • Employing photon-powered strains of bacteria for directed movement.
  • Investigating pattern formation dynamics with a bespoke, responsive bacterial strain.

Main Results:

  • Successful demonstration of 'smart templated active self assembly' in a fluid environment.
  • Achieved controllable self-assembly of reconfigurable designer structures.
  • Characterized the physics and biology influencing pattern sharpness and speed.

Conclusions:

  • External control of microswimmer speed offers a novel paradigm for self-assembly.
  • Light-patterned fields provide precise spatiotemporal control over bacterial assembly.
  • This method enables the fabrication of structures from the 10 μm to mm scale.