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Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Author Spotlight: Unveiling Mechanisms of Stress Resilience - Significant Findings, Advancements, and Future Research
Published on: December 15, 2023
Safety I-II, resilience and antifragility engineering: a debate explained through an accident occurring on a mobile
Alberto Martinetti1, Maria Mikela Chatzimichailidou2, Luisa Maida3
1a Design, Production and Management Department , University of Twente , The Netherlands.
New safety approaches are essential due to technological complexity. Evaluating system robustness, antifragility, and resilience is crucial for improving occupational health and safety (OHS) conditions.
Area of Science:
- Occupational Health and Safety
- Systems Engineering
- Risk Management
Background:
- Technological advancements increase system complexity, potentially degrading safety levels.
- Traditional risk-based analysis is insufficient for current safety challenges.
- New safety management approaches are needed to address evolving technological landscapes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To introduce Safety I and Safety II paradigms.
- To explore resilience engineering and antifragility engineering concepts.
- To explain the correlations, overlaps, and synergies between these safety approaches.
Main Methods:
- Conceptual review of Safety I and Safety II.
- Introduction to resilience and antifragility engineering principles.
- Application of these paradigms to a real-world accident case study.
Main Results:
- Safety I and Safety II offer distinct yet complementary perspectives on safety.
- Resilience and antifragility engineering provide frameworks for managing unforeseen events.
- The study highlights the potential of these advanced concepts to enhance OHS.
Conclusions:
- Integrating Safety II, resilience, and antifragility engineering is vital for modern OHS.
- These paradigms challenge traditional safety thinking and inspire research.
- Applying these concepts to accident analysis can significantly improve future safety conditions.
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