Microbial DNA testing for inflammatory diseases of the brain of uncertain etiology

Neurologists may be confronted with patients who present with inflammatory brain lesions where the diagnosis cannot be made through history and physical examination alone. Molecular testing for bacterial infections, tuberculosis, and fungal infections may aid in the diagnosis. Since the treatments for these disorders are different and delays can result in permanent neurologic disability and death, rapid and accurate diagnoses are critical. This review provides the neurologist with testing options and recommends ways to enhance sensitivity and specificity.