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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...
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Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
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Stereotactic radiosurgery for tremor: systematic review.

Nuria E Martínez-Moreno1, Arjun Sahgal2, Antonio De Salles3

  • 11Department of Radiosurgery and Functional Neurosurgery, Ruber International Hospital, Madrid, Spain.

Journal of Neurosurgery
|February 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) effectively reduces medically refractory tremor with rare complications. This treatment, targeting the thalamic ventral intermediate nucleus, is recommended by the International Stereotactic Radiosurgery Society.

Keywords:
stereotactic radiosurgerysystematic reviewthalamotomytremor

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Neurology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Tremor is a debilitating neurological condition affecting millions worldwide.
  • Medically refractory tremor often necessitates advanced treatment options.
  • Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has emerged as a potential therapeutic modality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the literature on stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for tremor.
  • To summarize published data on SRS efficacy and safety for tremor management.
  • To present consensus guideline recommendations for SRS in tremor treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of published literature up to December 2016.
  • Searched MEDLINE (PubMed) and EMBASE databases using keywords: "radiosurgery," "tremor," "Parkinson's disease," "multiple sclerosis," "essential tremor," "thalamotomy," "pallidotomy."
  • Included English language articles with English abstracts, regardless of study design.

Main Results:

  • 34 full-text articles were analyzed, including prospective and retrospective studies.
  • SRS thalamotomy demonstrated high tremor reduction rates (mean 88%) with rare, usually non-permanent complications (mean 17%).
  • Compared to Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) and Radiofrequency Thermocoagulation (RFT), SRS showed similar tremor control but fewer permanent complications and less recurrence.

Conclusions:

  • Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) to the unilateral thalamic ventral intermediate nucleus is well-tolerated and effective for medically refractory tremor.
  • Recommended dosage: 130-150 Gy.
  • The International Stereotactic Radiosurgery Society recommends SRS for tremor management.