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CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its...
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Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Are cannabinoids effective for fibromyalgia?

Matías Rocco1, Gabriel Rada2

  • 1Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Proyecto Epistemonikos, Santiago, Chile.

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|February 24, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The clinical effectiveness of cannabinoids for fibromyalgia remains unclear due to very low-certainty evidence. While proposed as a therapy, frequent adverse effects are associated with their use in fibromyalgia management.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical research
  • Pharmacology
  • Evidence-based medicine

Background:

  • Cannabinoids are being explored as potential treatments for fibromyalgia.
  • The efficacy of cannabinoids for fibromyalgia symptom management is currently debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically evaluate the clinical effectiveness of cannabinoids in treating fibromyalgia.
  • To assess the certainty of evidence regarding cannabinoid use for fibromyalgia.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive search of the Epistemonikos database, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane reviews.
  • Extraction and reanalysis of data from systematic reviews and primary studies.
  • Application of the GRADE approach to generate a summary of findings.

Main Results:

  • Fifteen systematic reviews, encompassing two randomized controlled trials, were identified.
  • The evidence regarding the benefits of cannabinoids for fibromyalgia is of very low certainty.
  • Cannabinoids were associated with a high frequency of adverse effects.

Conclusions:

  • It is uncertain whether cannabinoids offer any benefit for patients with fibromyalgia.
  • The current evidence base is insufficient to support the use of cannabinoids for fibromyalgia.
  • Clinicians should consider the frequent adverse effects when contemplating cannabinoid therapy for fibromyalgia.