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Blind Procedures

Blind Procedures

Ideally, the people who observe and record the children’s behavior are unaware of who was assigned to the experimental or control group, in order to control for experimenter bias. Experimenter bias refers to the possibility that a researcher’s expectations might skew the results of the study. Remember, conducting an experiment requires a lot of planning, and the people involved in the research project have a vested interest in supporting their hypotheses. If the observers knew which...

Blinding

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Blinding is a commonly used method of not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving. Blinding is a critical part of a randomized control trial or RCT. It reduces the bias that affects the results. In an RCT, blinding is used in the form of a placebo. A placebo effect occurs when untreated subjects falsely believe they have received the treatment and report improved symptoms. A placebo or a dummy treatment is administered to subjects to negate the bias caused by such an effect.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Robotic Mirror Therapy System for Functional Recovery of Hemiplegic Arms

Robotic Mirror Therapy System for Functional Recovery of Hemiplegic Arms

Published on: August 15, 2016

Blind readers break mirror invariance as sighted do.

Adélaïde de Heering¹, Olivier Collignon², Régine Kolinsky³

¹Unité de Recherche en Neurosciences Cognitives (UNESCOG), Center for Research in Cognition & Neurosciences (CRCN), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium.

Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior

|February 24, 2018

Summary

Learning to read Braille helps break mirror invariance, a natural bias to see mirrored images as identical. This tactile learning process is comparable to how sighted individuals overcome this bias with visual text.

Keywords:

Blind Braille Invariance Mirror Reading

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Last Updated: Feb 14, 2026

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Neuroscience
Developmental Psychology

Background:

Humans exhibit mirror invariance, perceiving mirrored images as identical, a bias present from infancy.
Learning to read requires overcoming this bias, particularly with mirrored letters like 'b' and 'd'.
The influence of visual experience and input modality on breaking mirror invariance is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of visual experience and input modality in overcoming mirror invariance.
To compare how congenital blind individuals process mirrored tactile stimuli versus sighted individuals processing visual stimuli.
To determine if tactile learning, specifically Braille, can break mirror invariance.

Main Methods:

Congenital blind (CB) participants performed same-different tactile comparison tasks with mirrored/non-mirrored Braille letters, shapes, and Latin letters.
Sighted participants performed analogous visual tasks.
Results were compared between groups and across different tactile/visual materials.

Main Results:

Sighted participants showed typical mirror invariance patterns for visual Latin letters.
CB participants demonstrated expertise with Braille, processing it via an internal frame of reference.
CB participants automatically broke mirror invariance for tactile Braille letters and other shapes.

Conclusions:

Learning Braille through tactile input effectively breaks mirror invariance.
Tactile learning in blind individuals can overcome perceptual biases similarly to visual learning in sighted individuals.
Input modality and specific learning experiences significantly influence the resolution of mirror invariance.