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San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
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If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is compressive if the object expands in the absence of constraint and tensile if it contracts. This stress resulting from temperature change is known as thermal stress. It can be quite large and can cause damage. To avoid this stress, engineers may design components so they can expand and contract freely. For instance, on highways, gaps are deliberately...
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Motionless microscopy with tunable thermal lens.

Krzysztof Dobek

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    |February 25, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study introduces the thermal lens as a novel tunable imaging element for microscopes, enabling sharp images without mechanical movement. This innovation allows for simultaneous focus on objects at different depths, improving microscopic imaging capabilities.

    Area of Science:

    • Optical microscopy
    • Thermal optics
    • Imaging science

    Background:

    • Adjusting lens focal length is crucial for sharp imaging without mechanical adjustments.
    • Existing microscopy techniques often require physical lens movement to change focus.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present the thermal lens as a novel tunable imaging element for microscopy.
    • To demonstrate the ability of a thermal lens to selectively modify image areas.
    • To achieve simultaneous sharp imaging of objects in different focal planes.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing a thermal lens as a dynamic optical element within a microscope.
    • Applying controlled thermal gradients to tune the focal length of the thermal lens.
    • Imaging samples with objects positioned beyond the standard depth of field.

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    Main Results:

    • The thermal lens was successfully employed as a tunable imaging element.
    • Selective modification of image regions was achieved using the thermal lens.
    • Simultaneous sharp imaging of two objects separated by a distance greater than the depth of field was demonstrated.

    Conclusions:

    • The thermal lens offers a new method for focal length modification in microscopy.
    • This technology enables advanced imaging capabilities, including focusing on multiple depths simultaneously.
    • The thermal lens presents a promising, non-mechanical approach to enhance microscope performance.