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Related Concept Videos

Phase II Conjugation Reactions: Overview01:14

Phase II Conjugation Reactions: Overview

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Conjugation, a key component of phase II biotransformation reactions, is a vital process in drug detoxification. It involves transferring endogenous substances like glucuronic acid, sulfate, and glycine to drugs or their metabolites formed in phase I reactions. These conjugation reactions, often catalyzed by specific enzymes, transform potentially harmful metabolites into inactive, water-soluble forms easily excreted in urine or bile. By enhancing polarity and eliminating pharmacological...
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Inductance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line01:28

Inductance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line

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Understanding the inductance of transmission lines is crucial for efficient design and operation in electrical power systems. This discussion delves into the inductance characteristics of single-phase two-wire and three-phase three-wire transmission lines with equal phase spacing.
Single-Phase Two-Wire Line:
A single-phase line consists of two solid cylindrical conductors, denoted as x and y. Each conductor carries phasor currents ix and iy, respectively. Given that the sum of these currents is...
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Capacitance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line01:25

Capacitance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line

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In electrical power systems, understanding the capacitance of transmission lines is fundamental for efficient operation.
Single-Phase Lines
Consider a single-phase, two-wire transmission line with equal phase spacing energized by a voltage source. One conductor carries a uniform positive charge, while the other carries an equal negative charge. The capacitance C of the line can be derived from the voltage V between the conductors. For a one-meter section of the line, the capacitance is given...
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Phase II Reactions: Miscellaneous Conjugation Reactions01:19

Phase II Reactions: Miscellaneous Conjugation Reactions

377
Phase II biotransformations are detoxification mechanisms that conjugate xenobiotics with endogenous substances, neutralizing their toxicity.
A key example involves the conjugation of cyanide ions, which impair cellular respiration and alter hemoglobin into non-oxygen-carrying cyanmethemoglobin. To neutralize this threat, a sulfur atom from thiosulphate is transferred to the cyanide ion, catalyzed by the enzyme rhodanese, resulting in an inactive compound called thiocyanate. The production of...
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Relative Strengths of Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs02:29

Relative Strengths of Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs

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Brønsted-Lowry acid-base chemistry is the transfer of protons; thus, logic suggests a relation between the relative strengths of conjugate acid-base pairs. The strength of an acid or base is quantified in its ionization constant, Ka or Kb, which represents the extent of the acid or base ionization reaction. For the conjugate acid-base pair HA / A−, the ionization equilibrium equations and ionization constant expressions are
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Power Distribution in Three-phase and Single Phase Circuits01:17

Power Distribution in Three-phase and Single Phase Circuits

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Power distribution within electrical circuits is a foundational aspect of residential and industrial energy systems. While single-phase power is common in residential settings, three-phase power is the standard for industrial environments with heavy machinery. Each system is different and has advantages, and it's crucial to understand the underlying principles of power distribution and material efficiency.
Single-Phase Power Distribution:
Single-phase circuits are typical in household settings;...
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Born Normalization for Fluorescence Optical Projection Tomography for Whole Heart Imaging
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Virtual phase conjugation based optical tomography for single-shot three-dimensional imaging.

Yuta Goto, Atsushi Okamoto, Atsushi Shibukawa

    Optics Express
    |February 25, 2018
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    We developed virtual phase conjugation optical tomography (VPC-OT) for single-shot 3D imaging. This novel method simplifies optical tomographic imaging systems by eliminating the need for extra components like confocal pinholes.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Optics
    • Optical Imaging
    • Microscopy

    Background:

    • Conventional optical tomographic imaging (OTI) systems face challenges in achieving single-shot 3D imaging.
    • Existing OTI methods often require specialized components such as low-coherence light sources or confocal pinholes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce a novel virtual phase conjugation based optical tomography (VPC-OT) system.
    • To enable single-shot 3D tomographic imaging with enhanced depth resolution.
    • To achieve simultaneous quantitative phase contrast imaging.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing computer-based numerical beam propagation for virtual phase conjugation (VPC).
    • Coupling a physical optical microscope with VPC via digital holography.
    • Employing complex amplitude detection inherent to digital holography.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated single-shot 3D imaging capability without additional optical elements.
    • Achieved a depth resolution of 0.94 μm for frog blood cells using a 0.8 NA objective lens.
    • Successfully obtained simultaneous quantitative phase contrast images.

    Conclusions:

    • VPC-OT offers a simplified and effective approach to single-shot 3D optical tomographic imaging.
    • The method eliminates the need for low-coherence light sources or confocal pinholes.
    • VPC-OT provides a versatile platform for advanced microscopic imaging applications.