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Related Concept Videos

Inertial Frames of Reference01:03

Inertial Frames of Reference

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Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So, by definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds valid. Newton's first law applies to objects with...
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Non-inertial Frames of Reference01:27

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A reference frame accelerating or decelerating relative to an inertial frame is a non-inertial frame. To help understand this, consider what taking off in an airplane, turning a corner in a car, riding a merry-go-round, and the circular motion of a tropical cyclone all have in common. All these systems are accelerating, decelerating, or rotating relative to the Earth; hence, they all are non-inertial frames. All these systems exhibit inertial forces, which merely seem to arise from motion,...
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Phase Diagrams02:39

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

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In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Inductance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line01:28

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Understanding the inductance of transmission lines is crucial for efficient design and operation in electrical power systems. This discussion delves into the inductance characteristics of single-phase two-wire and three-phase three-wire transmission lines with equal phase spacing.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator
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Phase modulated high density collinear holographic data storage system with phase-retrieval reference beam locking

Jinpeng Liu, Hideyoshi Horimai, Xiao Lin

    Optics Express
    |February 25, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    A new phase modulation technique simplifies holographic data storage by locking data pages and reference beams. This compact system achieves low bit error rates, enhancing storage density with multilevel phase modulation.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Data Storage Technologies
    • Information Science

    Background:

    • Conventional phase retrieval methods for holographic data storage often require complex components like piezoelectric elements and phase shift arrays.
    • Existing systems can be bulky and challenging to implement, limiting practical applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and evaluate a novel, simplified phase modulation method for holographic data storage.
    • To enhance system compactness and ease of phase retrieval.
    • To improve data storage density through advanced modulation and multiplexing techniques.

    Main Methods:

    • A novel phase modulation method with phase-retrieval reference beam locking was developed and integrated into an amplitude-encoding collinear holographic storage system.
    • A sequential recording process was employed to lock data pages and interference beams, eliminating the need for extra components.
    • Multilevel phase modulation (4, 8, and 16 levels) and orthogonal reference encoding multiplexing were experimentally validated using two spatial light modulators.

    Main Results:

    • The proposed method achieved bit error rates (BER) of 0.3% for 4-level, 1.5% for 8-level, and 6.6% for 16-level phase modulation.
    • An orthogonal reference encoding multiplexing method increased the code rate from 0.5 to 1.0 (4-level) and 1.5 (8-level) without compromising data integrity.
    • The system demonstrated improved compactness and simplified phase retrieval.

    Conclusions:

    • The novel phase modulation method offers a more compact and user-friendly approach to holographic data storage.
    • Multilevel phase modulation and orthogonal reference encoding significantly enhance data storage density.
    • This technique presents a promising advancement for high-capacity optical data storage solutions.