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Related Concept Videos

Tooth Anatomy01:21

Tooth Anatomy

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The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or...
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Line Loss01:10

Line Loss

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The different configurations of source-load connections include wye (star) and delta connections. The relationship between line and phase voltages and currents varies depending on the configuration. When the source is supplying power, it is transmitted through the wires to the load, and during this transmission, some power is absorbed by the wires, leading to line loss.
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Reducing Line Loss01:18

Reducing Line Loss

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In a three-phase circuit, line loss is an indicator of energy dissipated as heat due to the resistance of transmission lines. To address this, incorporating transformers into the system—a step-up transformer at the source and a step-down transformer at the load—is a strategic solution. Two three-phase transformers are introduced to improve this.
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Major Losses in Pipes01:28

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When a fluid flows through a pipe, it experiences energy losses due to frictional resistance along the pipe walls, known as major losses. These energy losses result in a pressure drop, which varies based on the flow conditions — whether laminar or turbulent — and the specific physical properties of the fluid and pipe.
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Minor Losses in Pipes01:25

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In pipe systems, minor losses refer to energy losses arising from components such as valves, bends, fittings, expansions, and other features that disrupt the steady flow of fluid. These disturbances cause energy dissipation through turbulence and resistance, which engineers quantify to manage system efficiency effectively.
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Energy Losses in Transformers01:21

Energy Losses in Transformers

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In an ideal transformer, it is assumed that there are no energy losses, and, hence, all the power at the primary winding is transferred to the secondary winding. However, in reality,  the transformers always have some energy losses, and, hence, the output power obtained at the secondary winding is less than the input power at the primary winding due to energy losses.
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Effects of tooth loss on brain structure: a voxel-based morphometry study.

Takuya Kobayashi1, Masafumi Kubota1, Toshiyuki Takahashi1

  • 1Department of Prosthodontics and Oral Implantology, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan.

Journal of Prosthodontic Research
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PubMed
Summary

Tooth loss may cause brain shrinkage. Edentulous subjects showed reduced gray matter (GM) volume in brain areas linked to memory and cognition, unlike dentulous subjects.

Keywords:
Brain structureEdentulous elderlyLoss of teethThree-dimensional magnetic resonance imagingVoxel-based morphometry

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Dental Medicine

Background:

  • Super-aging societies face rising dementia rates.
  • Dental studies link dementia to poorer oral health.
  • Brain structure changes associated with tooth loss are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of tooth loss on brain structure.
  • To compare gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volumes in edentulous versus dentulous individuals.
  • To identify specific brain regions affected by edentulism.

Main Methods:

  • Comparison of brain GM and WM volumes between edentulous and dentulous subjects.
  • Statistical analysis controlling for intracranial volume, age, gender, and hypertension.
  • Exclusion of participants with dementia.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in white matter (WM) morphology were found.
  • Edentulous subjects exhibited significant gray matter (GM) atrophy.
  • Atrophy was observed in the hippocampus, caudate nucleus, and temporal pole of the right hemisphere.

Conclusions:

  • Tooth loss is suggested as a potential causal factor for brain volume reduction.
  • Brain areas affected by tooth loss are critical for memory, learning, and cognition.
  • Findings highlight the link between oral health and cognitive brain structures.