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Related Concept Videos

Toxicokinetics: Overview01:21

Toxicokinetics: Overview

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Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...
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Schemas01:42

Schemas

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A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
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Toxicokinetics of NPS: Update 2017.

Markus R Meyer1

  • 1Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany. markus.meyer@uks.eu.

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The new psychoactive substances (NPS) market is rapidly evolving, necessitating toxicokinetic studies to understand consumption risks. More research is crucial for detecting NPS in biological samples and addressing toxicity mechanisms.

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NPSNew psychoactive substancesReviewToxicokinetics

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Toxicology
  • Forensic Science

Background:

  • The landscape of new psychoactive substances (NPS) is continuously changing.
  • Previous reviews provide a foundation, but updates are needed to reflect recent developments.
  • Understanding the toxicokinetics of NPS is vital for public health and safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated review of toxicokinetic data for various classes of NPS.
  • To summarize and discuss recent English-written review articles and original studies published between May 2016 and November 2017.
  • To highlight the dynamic nature of the NPS market and identify research gaps.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of English-written articles listed in PubMed.
  • Inclusion of review articles and original studies published from May 2016 to November 2017.
  • Categorization of NPS into stimulants, synthetic cannabinoids, tryptamines, phenethylamines, phencyclidine-like drugs, benzodiazepines, and opioids.

Main Results:

  • The NPS market remains highly dynamic, with a continuous emergence of new compounds.
  • Toxicokinetic data for many NPS are still limited, hindering risk assessment.
  • Studies on detection in biological matrices and mechanistic toxicity are lacking.

Conclusions:

  • Ongoing research into NPS toxicokinetics is essential for managing associated health risks.
  • Further data collection and studies are encouraged for improved detection and understanding of NPS toxicity.
  • There is a critical need for research into the mechanistic basis of acute and chronic NPS toxicity.