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The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...
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The parallel RLC circuit is an arrangement where the resistor (R), inductor (L), and capacitor (C) are all connected to the same nodes and, as a result, share the same voltage across them. The parallel RLC circuit is analyzed in terms of admittance (Y), which reflects the ease with which current can flow. The admittance is given by:
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Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Hyperpolarized 13C Metabolic Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging
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3D hyperpolarized C-13 EPI with calibrationless parallel imaging.

Jeremy W Gordon1, Rie B Hansen2, Peter J Shin1

  • 1Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.

Journal of Magnetic Resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)
|February 25, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Calibrationless parallel imaging accelerates metabolic MRI scans using hyperpolarized 13C agents. This technique enhances volumetric coverage for clinical applications without needing extra calibration data.

Keywords:
C13EPIHyperpolarizationParallel imagingPyruvateSAKE

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Metabolic Imaging
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Clinical translation of metabolic MRI with hyperpolarized 13C agents necessitates large volumetric fields of view (FOVs).
  • Parallel imaging is essential for expanding volumetric scan coverage while managing radiofrequency (RF) power and temporal resolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effectiveness of a calibrationless parallel imaging method, SAKE, for accelerating hyperpolarized 13C MRI.
  • To evaluate sampling strategies for undersampling 3D blipped Echo Planar Imaging (EPI) data acquired with multichannel receive coils.

Main Methods:

  • Employed the SAKE (Sensitivity Encoding Reconstruction) calibrationless parallel imaging technique.
  • Utilized 3D blipped EPI acquisitions with multichannel receive coils.
  • Applied undersampling strategies to hyperpolarized 13C MRI data.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the successful application of SAKE for accelerating hyperpolarized 13C MRI.
  • Showcased the utility of specific sampling strategies for undersampling 3D blipped EPI data.
  • Validated the method in a human study involving [1-13C]pyruvate metabolism.

Conclusions:

  • Calibrationless parallel imaging, specifically SAKE, is a viable approach for accelerating hyperpolarized 13C MRI.
  • This method supports the clinical translation of metabolic MRI by enabling larger volumetric FOVs and faster scan times.
  • The findings pave the way for improved in vivo metabolic imaging in clinical settings.