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Genomics

Genomics

Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Reusable Single Cell for Iterative Epigenomic Analyses

Reusable Single Cell for Iterative Epigenomic Analyses

Published on: February 11, 2022

Brain cancer genomics and epigenomics.

Tenley C Archer¹, Soma Sengupta², Scott L Pomeroy¹

¹Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

|February 27, 2018

Summary

Molecular criteria are revolutionizing brain cancer diagnosis and treatment, improving precision in identifying cancer drivers and predicting patient outcomes. Understanding common molecular mechanisms is key to developing targeted therapies.

Keywords:

ETMR SWI/SNF cancer genomics embryonal tumors epigenomics glioma medulloblastoma primitive neuroectodermal tumors rhabdoid tumors von Hippel–Lindau disease

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Area of Science:

Neuro-oncology
Molecular Biology
Genetics

Background:

Traditional brain cancer diagnosis relies on histology and clinical criteria.
Recent advances in genomics and epigenomics enable molecular classification of tumors.
The 2016 WHO Classification of CNS Tumors incorporated molecular features.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the shift towards molecular criteria in brain cancer classification.
To identify common molecular mechanisms driving brain tumor development.
To emphasize the importance of understanding these mechanisms for targeted therapy.

Main Methods:

Review of recent advances in cancer genomics and epigenomics.
Analysis of molecular features in brain tumor classification.
Survey of common molecular events across the brain cancer landscape.

Main Results:

Molecular criteria enhance precision in identifying oncogenic drivers and predicting clinical outcomes.
Common themes driving brain cancers include DNA damage repair, genomic instability, and epigenetic dysfunction.
Pathways like mTOR and Sonic Hedgehog are implicated.

Conclusions:

Molecular classification represents a paradigm shift in neuro-oncology.
Understanding common molecular drivers is crucial for developing effective targeted therapies.
Precision medicine approaches require identifying the right patients for specific treatments.