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Related Concept Videos

Energy Losses in Transformers01:21

Energy Losses in Transformers

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In an ideal transformer, it is assumed that there are no energy losses, and, hence, all the power at the primary winding is transferred to the secondary winding. However, in reality,  the transformers always have some energy losses, and, hence, the output power obtained at the secondary winding is less than the input power at the primary winding due to energy losses.
There are four main reasons for energy losses in transformers.
The first cause can be  the high resistance of the...
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Line Loss01:10

Line Loss

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The different configurations of source-load connections include wye (star) and delta connections. The relationship between line and phase voltages and currents varies depending on the configuration. When the source is supplying power, it is transmitted through the wires to the load, and during this transmission, some power is absorbed by the wires, leading to line loss.
Line loss impacts power delivery efficiency in a balanced three-phase circuit. The symmetry in such a circuit simplifies the...
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Bacterial Transformation01:33

Bacterial Transformation

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In 1928, bacteriologist Frederick Griffith worked on a vaccine for pneumonia, which is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. Griffith studied two pneumonia strains in mice: one pathogenic and one non-pathogenic. Only the pathogenic strain killed host mice.
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Reducing Line Loss01:18

Reducing Line Loss

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In a three-phase circuit, line loss is an indicator of energy dissipated as heat due to the resistance of transmission lines. To address this, incorporating transformers into the system—a step-up transformer at the source and a step-down transformer at the load—is a strategic solution. Two three-phase transformers are introduced to improve this.
With a step-up transformer at the source, the voltage is increased, thereby reducing the current in the transmission lines since power loss in...
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Major Losses in Pipes01:28

Major Losses in Pipes

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When a fluid flows through a pipe, it experiences energy losses due to frictional resistance along the pipe walls, known as major losses. These energy losses result in a pressure drop, which varies based on the flow conditions — whether laminar or turbulent — and the specific physical properties of the fluid and pipe.
Fluid flow can be classified as laminar or turbulent, primarily based on the Reynolds number. This dimensionless number reflects the relative influence of inertial to viscous...
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Minor Losses in Pipes01:25

Minor Losses in Pipes

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In pipe systems, minor losses refer to energy losses arising from components such as valves, bends, fittings, expansions, and other features that disrupt the steady flow of fluid. These disturbances cause energy dissipation through turbulence and resistance, which engineers quantify to manage system efficiency effectively.
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Related Experiment Video

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Culture of myeloid dendritic cells from bone marrow precursors
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Utx loss causes myeloid transformation.

Liting Zheng1, Longyong Xu1, Qing Xu1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China.

Leukemia
|February 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Loss of the histone demethylase Utx in mice causes a leukemia-like disease. Utx normally suppresses chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) by controlling stem cell renewal and differentiation.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Epigenetics
  • Hematology

Background:

  • Recurrent somatic mutations in histone demethylases are common in cancer.
  • The direct causal role of histone demethylase loss in cancer development remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the histone demethylase Utx in cancer development.
  • To determine if Utx loss can initiate or promote myeloid malignancies.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of Utx knockout mice to model CMML.
  • Mutational analysis of patient data for UTX and TP53.
  • Cell-autonomous studies of Utx and Trp53 combined inactivation.
  • Hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation assays.
  • Transcriptome and ChIP-seq analyses to elucidate Utx function.

Main Results:

  • Utx knockout mice developed a chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML)-like disease.
  • Simultaneous UTX and TP53 mutations were observed in human myeloid malignancies.
  • Combined Utx and Trp53 loss accelerated CMML development in a cell-autonomous manner.
  • Utx loss increased hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and myeloid lineage predisposition.
  • Utx modulates H3K27me3 and H3K4me3 to regulate erythroid differentiation factors.

Conclusions:

  • Utx functions as a tumor suppressor in myeloid malignancies.
  • Utx controls CMML by regulating hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation.
  • Loss of Utx function contributes to CMML pathogenesis, particularly in conjunction with TP53 mutations.