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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

33.9K
Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

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Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
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Understanding the ionic conductivity maximum in doped ceria: trapping and blocking.

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Understanding defect interactions in doped ceria is key for developing better electrolytes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) and solid oxide electrolysis (SOEC) devices, improving energy conversion and storage.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Computational Physics

Background:

  • Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) and solid oxide electrolysis (SOEC) require electrolytes with high oxygen ion conductivity and low electronic conductivity.
  • Rare-earth doped ceria are promising candidates for these electrolytes due to their potential ionic conductivity.
  • Predicting ionic conductivity and understanding atomistic mechanisms are crucial for advancing sustainable energy technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between microscopic defect interactions and macroscopic oxygen ion conductivity in doped ceria.
  • To predict oxygen ion conductivity as a function of doping concentration using advanced simulation techniques.
  • To elucidate the roles of 'blocking' and 'trapping' effects of dopants on ionic conductivity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized ab initio density functional theory (DFT) to calculate migration barriers and energy contributions.
  • Employed Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations to predict ionic conductivity based on DFT results.
  • Analyzed dopant-vacancy interactions and their influence on oxygen vacancy migration.

Main Results:

  • Quantified the 'blocking' effect, which influences the dopant concentration for maximum ionic conductivity.
  • Characterized the 'trapping' effect, which limits the achievable maximum ionic conductivity.
  • Developed a more accurate prediction of ionic conductivity by considering these microscopic interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Deeper understanding of dopant influence on ionic conductivity in doped ceria achieved.
  • Accurate prediction of ionic conductivity is possible by accounting for blocking and trapping mechanisms.
  • Findings are generalizable to other ion conductors for SOFCs, SOECs, and solid-state batteries.