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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

15.3K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
15.3K
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

21.6K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

30.1K
Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
30.1K
Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

50.5K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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A 0.2 V Micro-Electromechanical Switch Enabled by a Phase Transition.

Kaichen Dong1,2,3, Hwan Sung Choe1,2, Xi Wang1

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|February 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New micro-electromechanical (MEM) switches operate at 0.2 V with over a million cycles. These vanadium dioxide (VO2) phase-transition switches overcome limitations in complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices for low-power applications.

Keywords:
Micro-electromechanical systemsphase transitionssub 1 V operating voltagesswitchvanadium dioxide

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrical Engineering
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Micro-electromechanical (MEM) switches offer advantages over complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices, including near-zero leakage current.
  • Integrating MEM switches into CMOS circuits requires sub-1 V operating voltages and millions of operational cycles.
  • Existing sub-1 V mechanical switches often suffer from body bias or limited lifetimes, failing to meet both requirements simultaneously.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop micro-electromechanical (MEM) switching devices with sub-1 V operating voltage and high endurance.
  • To address the limitations of current mechanical switches for practical integration with CMOS circuits.
  • To explore the potential of vanadium dioxide (VO2) phase transitions for ultralow-power electronic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of nanolayered vanadium dioxide (VO2) based micro-electromechanical (MEM) switches.
  • Characterization of switching voltage, operating cycles, and reliability in ambient air.
  • Investigation of the role of VO2's abrupt phase transition in enabling ultralow operating voltage.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of 0.2 V micro-electromechanical (MEM) switching devices operating reliably in ambient air.
  • Achieved over 10^6 safe operating cycles, setting a new benchmark for mechanical switches without body bias.
  • The ultralow operating voltage is attributed to the abrupt phase transition of nanolayered vanadium dioxide (VO2) near room temperature.

Conclusions:

  • Phase-transition MEM switches based on VO2 enable sub-1 V operation, crucial for hybrid integrated devices and circuits.
  • These devices offer a pathway to ultralow power consumption sensors for Internet of Things (IoT) applications.
  • The developed technology overcomes key limitations of existing mechanical switches, paving the way for next-generation electronics.