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Bond Energies and Bond Lengths02:49

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Stable molecules exist because covalent bonds hold the atoms together. The strength of a covalent bond is measured by the energy required to break it, that is, the energy necessary to separate the bonded atoms. Separating any pair of bonded atoms requires energy — the stronger a bond, the greater the energy required to break it.
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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Bonding in phase change materials: concepts and misconceptions.

R O Jones1

  • 1Peter-Grünberg-Institut PGI-1 and JARA/HPC, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|February 27, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review traces the evolution of chemical bonding concepts from 19th-century valence theories to modern quantum mechanical approaches. It highlights key methods and their application in understanding materials, including phase change materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics and theoretical chemistry.
  • Focus on the historical development and theoretical underpinnings of chemical bonding.

Background:

  • Chemical bonding concepts emerged in the 19th century with 'valence' and the term 'bond'.
  • Early progress in molecular connectivity and stereochemistry occurred with limited physicist input until quantum mechanics.
  • The development of quantum mechanics revolutionized the understanding of chemical bonding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To survey bonding concepts from a condensed matter perspective.
  • To trace the historical development of bonding theories.
  • To discuss these concepts in the context of phase change materials.

Main Methods:

  • Historical analysis of chemical and physical theories of bonding.
  • Review of valence bond and molecular orbital methods.
  • Examination of 'metallic' (free electron) approaches, pseudopotential, and density functional theories.

Main Results:

  • Astonishing progress in understanding molecular connectivity and stereochemistry in the 19th century.
  • Valence bond and molecular orbital methods became central to bonding theory.
  • Metallic and related approaches, including density functional theory, proved successful for molecules and solids.

Conclusions:

  • Quantum mechanics and advanced theories have significantly advanced the understanding of chemical bonding.
  • Phase change materials offer a relevant context for discussing bonding concepts.
  • Certain terms like 'resonance' and 'resonant bonding' can cause confusion.