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Inducible phenotypic plasticity in plants regulates aquatic ecosystem functioning.

Sara L Jackrel1,2, Timothy C Morton3

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Individual red alder trees show strong responses to nutrients and herbivory, altering leaf litter decomposition in streams. These plastic changes within a species significantly impact aquatic ecosystems.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Ecosystem Science
  • Plant Biology

Background:

  • Intraspecific variation, encompassing plastic and genetic components, significantly influences community and ecosystem processes.
  • Understanding how individual variation affects ecosystem functions is crucial for ecological research.
  • Red alder (Alnus rubra) is a dominant deciduous tree in Pacific Northwest riparian ecosystems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms by which individual variation in red alder affects ecosystem processes.
  • To determine how nutrient availability and herbivory stress influence red alder's traits and secondary metabolites.
  • To assess the cascading effects of these induced responses on aquatic ecosystem functions, specifically leaf litter decomposition.

Main Methods:

  • Examined red alder's responses to nutrient resources and herbivory stress.
  • Analyzed shifts in nutrient and plant secondary metabolite composition.
  • Assessed the impact of altered leaf litter on aquatic ecosystem function, focusing on decomposition rates.

Main Results:

  • Red alder exhibited strong, synergistic responses to nutrient availability and herbivory.
  • Induced changes in secondary metabolites (diarylheptanoids and ellagitannins) varied with nutrient levels.
  • Defense responses suppressed leaf litter decomposition in streams, altering energy capture rates.

Conclusions:

  • Plastic responses in red alder traits, driven by environmental factors like nutrients and herbivory, significantly alter aquatic ecosystem functions.
  • Short-term, within-species plasticity in secondary metabolites can substantially modify key ecosystem processes.
  • Findings highlight the importance of intraspecific variation in shaping ecosystem dynamics and provide insights into herbivore resistance traits.