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Updated: Feb 14, 2026

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Layering and Ordering in Electrochemical Double Layers
Yihua Liu1, Tomoya Kawaguchi1, Michael S Pierce2
1Materials Science Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States.
Abstract:
Electrochemical double layers (EDL) form at electrified interfaces. Whereas the Gouy-Chapman model describes moderately charged EDL, the formation of Stern layers was predicted for highly charged EDL. Our results provide structural evidence for a Stern layer of cations at potentials close to hydrogen evolution in alkali fluoride and chloride electrolytes. Layering was observed by X-ray crystal truncation rods and atomic-scale recoil responses of Pt(111) surface layers. Ordering in the layer was confirmed by glancing-incidence in-plane diffraction measurements.
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