Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

48.4K
Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
48.4K
Self-Awareness and Its Effects01:21

Self-Awareness and Its Effects

318
Self-awareness is a psychological state in which the individual becomes the focal point of their attention. This inward focus transforms the self into an object of contemplation and assessment, influencing how individuals perceive their actions and their alignment with personal and societal standards.Triggers and Contexts for Self-AwarenessSelf-awareness can be activated by external stimuli that make individuals visually or audibly aware of themselves, such as mirrors, cameras, or recordings.
318
Altered States of Awareness01:06

Altered States of Awareness

1.2K
Altered states of consciousness represent significant deviations from one's normal mental state. These deviations can range from subtle changes in awareness to profound transformations in perception, thought processes, and sensory experiences. Altered states of consciousness can be triggered by various factors, including drug use, meditation, hypnosis, illness, or even intense fatigue.
The ingestion of substances like stimulants or hallucinogens leads to chemical alterations in the brain...
1.2K
Subconsciousness and No Awareness01:15

Subconsciousness and No Awareness

725
The concept of subconscious awareness refers to the processing of information below the level of conscious thought, which significantly influences both behaviors and decisions. It is also known as waking subconscious awareness. This complex level of cognition operates without the direct awareness of the individual, facilitating rapid and simultaneous handling of multiple information streams.
An illustrative example of subconscious processing is its role in problem-solving. Often, individuals...
725
High-Level and Low-Level Awareness01:19

High-Level and Low-Level Awareness

792
Controlled processes in human consciousness represent high-alert mental states where individuals deliberately focus their attention on achieving specific goals. Controlled processes can be seen in situations like mastering new technology, where a person might become so absorbed that they ignore surrounding distractions. Such processes involve selective attention, requiring one to concentrate on particular elements of experience while disregarding others. These are governed by executive...
792
Contact-dependent Signaling01:19

Contact-dependent Signaling

47.6K
Contact-dependent signaling, as the name suggests, requires that communicating cells be in direct contact with each other. This is achieved either through receptor-ligand interactions or by specialized cytoplasmic channels that allow the flow of small molecules between cells. In animal cells, channels called gap junctions facilitate contact-dependent signaling in certain tissues, whereas, plasmodesmata perform a similar function in plants.
Gap Junctions
In animal cells, gap junctions are formed...
47.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Valence Asymmetry in Cognition-A Formal Account.

Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc·2026
Same author

The role of comparison processes in maintenance goals: Evidence from the health and relationship domains.

Applied psychology. Health and well-being·2026
Same author

Registered report: Does repetition increase the credibility of AI-generated images?

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2025
Same author

Repeating Statements Increases Source Credibility.

Personality & social psychology bulletin·2025
Same author

Choosing to avoid: The evaluative impact of autonomous selection of approach and avoidance behaviors.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2025
Same author

How people (fail to) control the influence of affective stimuli on attitudes.

Journal of personality and social psychology·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression
08:42

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Published on: May 19, 2015

11.3K

Does evaluative conditioning depend on awareness? Evidence from a continuous flash suppression paradigm.

Fabia Högden1, Mandy Hütter2, Christian Unkelbach1

  • 1Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
|February 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Awareness is crucial for evaluative conditioning (EC). This study found that EC effects disappear when conditioned stimuli are suppressed from awareness using Continuous Flash Suppression (CFS).

More Related Videos

A Novel Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Paradigm to Study Freezing and Flight Behavior
09:26

A Novel Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Paradigm to Study Freezing and Flight Behavior

Published on: January 5, 2021

7.4K
The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia
08:34

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Published on: December 14, 2012

50.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression
08:42

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Published on: May 19, 2015

11.3K
A Novel Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Paradigm to Study Freezing and Flight Behavior
09:26

A Novel Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Paradigm to Study Freezing and Flight Behavior

Published on: January 5, 2021

7.4K
The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia
08:34

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Published on: December 14, 2012

50.7K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Learning and Memory

Background:

  • Evaluative learning, particularly evaluative conditioning (EC), has been extensively studied.
  • The role of conscious awareness in EC remains a key theoretical debate.
  • Optimal conditions for studying unaware learning are needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate evaluative conditioning (EC) under conditions of unawareness.
  • To employ the Continuous Flash Suppression (CFS) paradigm to control awareness of conditioned stimuli (CSs).
  • To determine if EC occurs when CSs are rendered invisible to awareness.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Continuous Flash Suppression (CFS) paradigm to present conditioned stimuli (CSs) outside of conscious awareness.
  • Compared EC effects in experiments with and without CS suppression (pseudo-CFS vs. CFS).
  • Employed both between-participants and within-participants designs to manipulate CS awareness.

Main Results:

  • Evaluative conditioning effects were observed when conditioned stimuli (CSs) were visible.
  • No significant EC effects were found when CSs were suppressed from awareness via CFS.
  • Awareness of the conditioned stimulus appears necessary for evaluative conditioning to occur.

Conclusions:

  • Conscious awareness of the conditioned stimulus is a critical factor for establishing evaluative conditioning.
  • Findings challenge theories that propose EC can occur entirely outside of awareness.
  • The study highlights the importance of awareness in evaluative learning processes.