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The role of 'filth flies' in the spread of antimicrobial resistance
Francis C Onwugamba1, J Ross Fitzgerald2, Kateryn Rochon3
1Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
Background:
'Filth flies' feed and develop in excrement and decaying matter and can transmit enteric pathogens to humans and animals, leading to colonization and infection. Considering these characteristics, 'filth flies' are potential vectors for the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This review defines the role of flies in the spread of AMR and identifies knowledge gaps.
Methods:
The literature search (original articles, reviews indexed for PubMed) was restricted to the English language. References of identified studies were screened for additional sources.
Results:
'Filth flies' are colonized with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria of clinical relevance. This includes extended spectrum beta-lactamase-, carbapenemase-producing and colistin-resistant (mcr-1 positive) bacteria. Resistant bacteria in flies often share the same genotypes with bacteria from humans and animals when their habitat overlap. The risk of transmission is most likely highest for enteric bacteria as they are shed in high concentration in excrements and are easily picked up by flies. 'Filth flies' can 'bio-enhance' the transmission of AMR as bacteria multiply in the digestive tract, mouthparts and regurgitation spots.
Conclusion:
To better understand the medical importance of AMR in flies, quantitative risk assessment models should be refined and fed with additional data (e.g. vectorial capacity, colonization dose). This requires targeted ecological, epidemiological and in vivo experimental studies.
Insights
Filth flies can spread antimicrobial resistance (AMR) by carrying resistant bacteria found in excrement. Further research is needed to quantify the risk of AMR transmission by these insects.
Area of Science:
- Microbiology
- Epidemiology
- Public Health
Background:
- Filth flies thrive in environments contaminated with excrement and decaying matter.
- These insects can transmit enteric pathogens to humans and animals, leading to infections.
- Filth flies are recognized as potential vectors for the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
Purpose of the Study:
- To define the role of filth flies in the spread of AMR.
- To identify existing knowledge gaps concerning flies as vectors of AMR.
Main Methods:
- A literature search was conducted using PubMed, including original articles and reviews.
- The search was restricted to studies published in the English language.
- References from identified studies were screened for additional relevant sources.
Main Results:
- Filth flies harbor clinically relevant antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing, carbapenemase-producing, and colistin-resistant (mcr-1 positive) bacteria.
- Resistant bacteria found in flies often share genotypes with bacteria from human and animal populations when habitats overlap.
- The risk of transmission is particularly high for enteric bacteria due to their shedding in excrement and ease of uptake by flies. Flies can enhance AMR transmission through bacterial multiplication in their digestive tracts and regurgitation.
Conclusions:
- Quantitative risk assessment models for AMR in flies require refinement with additional data, such as vectorial capacity and colonization dose.
- Targeted ecological, epidemiological, and in vivo experimental studies are necessary to improve understanding of AMR in flies.
- Further research is crucial to fully grasp the medical importance of AMR transmission by filth flies.