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Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving01:27

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San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
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Thermal strain is a concept that arises when we consider how temperature changes affect structures. Unlike the conventional assumption that structures remain constant under load, real-world scenarios often involve temperature fluctuations that can significantly impact these structures. Consider a homogeneous rod with a uniform cross-section resting freely on a flat horizontal surface. If the rod's temperature increases, the rod elongates. This elongation is proportional to the temperature...
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The expansion of alcohol in a thermometer is one of many commonly encountered examples of thermal expansion, which is the change in size or volume of a given system as its temperature changes. The most visible example is the expansion of hot air. When air is heated, it expands and becomes less dense than the surrounding air, which then exerts an upward force on the hot air to, for example, make steam and smoke rise, and hot air balloons float. The same behavior happens in all liquids and gases,...
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If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is compressive if the object expands in the absence of constraint and tensile if it contracts. This stress resulting from temperature change is known as thermal stress. It can be quite large and can cause damage. To avoid this stress, engineers may design components so they can expand and contract freely. For instance, on highways, gaps are deliberately...
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Within the human body, a complex and detailed system of trillions of cells works in unison to sustain life. Each cell houses a nucleus, which contains 46 chromosomes divided into 23 pairs. Chromosomes are highly coiled structures made of the genetic material DNA. These chromosomes are essential carriers of genetic information, with half inherited from the mother through her egg and the other half from the father's sperm, combining to create the unique genetic makeup of an individual.
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The behavior of elastoplastic materials under bending stresses, particularly in structural members with rectangular cross-sections, is crucial for predicting material responses and understanding failure modes. Initially, when a bending moment is applied, the stress distribution across the section follows Hooke's Law and is linear and elastic. This distribution means the stress increases from the neutral axis to the maximum at the outer fibers, up to the elastic limit.
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The Frequency Domain Thermoreflectance Technique for Thermal Property Measurements
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Interferometric mapping of material properties using thermal perturbation.

Georges Goetz1,2, Tong Ling1,3, Tushar Gupta4

  • 1Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; ggoetz@alumni.stanford.edu tongling@stanford.edu palanker@stanford.edu.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|February 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary

We developed sensitive optical techniques to measure material properties by detecting transient thermal changes. These methods enable rapid, single-shot mapping of properties in biological and semiconductor samples.

Keywords:
finite-element modelingimagingoptical coherence tomographyquantitative phase imagingretinal laser therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Optical Physics
  • Biophysics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Optical phase changes are sensitive indicators of transient perturbations.
  • Interferometric techniques offer high sensitivity for measuring these phase changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the high sensitivity and speed of quantitative phase imaging (QPI) and phase-resolved optical coherence tomography (OCT) for measuring material properties.
  • To enable accurate single-shot mapping of absorption coefficients, electrical conductivity, and other properties in biological and scattering samples.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized shot-noise-limited quantitative phase imaging (QPI) in transmission.
  • Employed phase-resolved optical coherence tomography (OCT) in reflection.
  • Integrated phase changes along the beam path to enhance sensitivity.

Main Results:

  • QPI resolved energy deposition of 3.4 mJ/cm² (0.8 °C temperature rise in a single cell).
  • OCT detected energy deposition of 24 mJ/cm² (30-dB SNR) and 4.7 mJ/cm² (45-dB SNR).
  • Both techniques imaged thermal changes within the thermal confinement time.

Conclusions:

  • These optical methods provide sensitive and rapid measurement of material properties at the cellular scale.
  • The techniques allow for single-shot mapping of absorption coefficients, electrical conductivity, and detection of hidden objects.
  • Potential applications include laser therapy, gene expression studies, and semiconductor device characterization.