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Perspectives on two temperamental biases.

Jerome Kagan1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA jk@wjh.harvard.edu.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|February 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Infant temperament, specifically high or low reactivity, influences later behavior and biology. However, individual life experiences and circumstances ultimately shape adult traits more than initial temperamental biases.

Keywords:
amygdalabehavioural inhibitionsocial anxietytemperament

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental psychology
  • Behavioral biology
  • Individual differences

Background:

  • Infant temperament is a key area of study in developmental psychology.
  • Temperamental biases, such as reactivity, are thought to influence long-term behavioral and biological outcomes.
  • Understanding these early biases can provide insights into individual differences throughout development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the contribution of two infant temperamental biases to behavioral and biological variation over 18 years.
  • To investigate the predictive power of high reactive and low reactive temperaments on later traits.
  • To explore the interplay between temperament, life history, and current circumstances in shaping adult traits.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal study of middle-class Caucasian children from infancy to 18 years.
  • Defined high reactive infants by limb activity and crying to novel stimuli at four months.
  • Defined low reactive infants by opposite behaviors to the same stimuli, assessing amygdala excitability.

Main Results:

  • High reactive infants showed cautious, avoidant responses and excitable amygdala to novelty.
  • Low reactive infants displayed sociable, spontaneous profiles and minimally excitable amygdala.
  • Temperamental biases were better predictors of traits *unlikely* to develop than those that did.

Conclusions:

  • Early temperamental biases (high/low reactive) influence developmental trajectories.
  • The final pattern of traits is a complex interplay of temperament, life history, and environment.
  • Individual differences in development are shaped by multiple interacting factors.