Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory01:14

Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory

1.2K
The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the...
1.2K
Range00:59

Range

14.4K
The range is one of the measures of variation. It can be defined as the difference between a dataset's highest and lowest values. For example, in the study of seven 16-ounce soda cans, the filled volume of soda was measured, thus producing the following amount (in ounces) of soda:
15.9; 16.1; 15.2; 14.8; 15.8; 15.9; 16.0; 15.5
Measurements of the amount of soda in a 16-ounce can vary since different subjects record these measurements or since the exact amount - 16 ounces of liquid, was not...
14.4K
¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

2.7K
The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene...
2.7K
Fast Fourier Transform01:10

Fast Fourier Transform

976
The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is a computational algorithm designed to compute the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) efficiently. By breaking down the calculations into smaller, manageable sections, the FFT significantly reduces the computational complexity involved. Direct computation of an N-point DFT requires N2 complex multiplications, whereas the FFT algorithm needs only (N/2)log⁡2N multiplications, offering a much faster performance.
The computational efficiency of the FFT becomes...
976
Variation: Normal Distribution, Range, and Standard Deviation02:32

Variation: Normal Distribution, Range, and Standard Deviation

28.7K
In the field of psychology, there are several ways to organize measurements of a trait, feature, or characteristic (i.e., variables). Qualitative data, such as ethnicity, can be tabulated into a frequency count to provide information about the proportion, as well as the variety of groups in a sample or population. On the other hand, researchers can perform a wider set of calculations on quantitative data. The mean, mode, and median, for instance, are central tendency measures to identify a...
28.7K
Multi-input and Multi-variable systems01:22

Multi-input and Multi-variable systems

428
Cruise control systems in cars are designed as multi-input systems to maintain a driver's desired speed while compensating for external disturbances such as changes in terrain. The block diagram for a cruise control system typically includes two main inputs: the desired speed set by the driver and any external disturbances, such as the incline of the road. By adjusting the engine throttle, the system maintains the vehicle's speed as close to the desired value as possible.
In the absence of...
428

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Using a smartwatch and smartphone to assess early Parkinson's disease in the WATCH-PD study.

NPJ Parkinson's disease·2023
Same author

Transcranial magnetic stimulation as a translational biomarker for AMPA receptor modulation.

Translational psychiatry·2021
Same author

Schizophrenia-associated SLC39A8 polymorphism is a loss-of-function allele altering glutamate receptor and innate immune signaling.

Translational psychiatry·2021
Same author

Assessment of brain cholesterol metabolism biomarker 24S-hydroxycholesterol in schizophrenia.

NPJ schizophrenia·2020
Same author

GluN2D-mediated excitatory drive onto medial prefrontal cortical PV+ fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons.

PloS one·2020
Same author

Kappa Opioid Receptors Mediate Heterosynaptic Suppression of Hippocampal Inputs in the Rat Ventral Striatum.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2017

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Interrogation of Long-Range Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity from Medial Prefrontal Cortex to Lateral Entorhinal Cortex
11:31

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Interrogation of Long-Range Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity from Medial Prefrontal Cortex to Lateral Entorhinal Cortex

Published on: February 25, 2022

2.9K

Multiple long-range inputs evoke NMDA currents in prefrontal cortex fast-spiking interneurons.

Luke Joseph Bogart1, Patricio O'Donnell2

  • 1Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.

Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
|February 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Schizophrenia research suggests impaired NMDA glutamate receptor (NMDAR) function in fast-spiking interneurons (FSI). New findings show NMDAR currents are present in FSI from various brain regions, challenging previous hypotheses.

More Related Videos

Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
07:42

Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Published on: August 17, 2018

12.5K
A Simple Stimulatory Device for Evoking Point-like Tactile Stimuli: A Searchlight for LFP to Spike Transitions
07:34

A Simple Stimulatory Device for Evoking Point-like Tactile Stimuli: A Searchlight for LFP to Spike Transitions

Published on: March 25, 2014

10.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Interrogation of Long-Range Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity from Medial Prefrontal Cortex to Lateral Entorhinal Cortex
11:31

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Interrogation of Long-Range Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity from Medial Prefrontal Cortex to Lateral Entorhinal Cortex

Published on: February 25, 2022

2.9K
Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
07:42

Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Published on: August 17, 2018

12.5K
A Simple Stimulatory Device for Evoking Point-like Tactile Stimuli: A Searchlight for LFP to Spike Transitions
07:34

A Simple Stimulatory Device for Evoking Point-like Tactile Stimuli: A Searchlight for LFP to Spike Transitions

Published on: March 25, 2014

10.3K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Psychiatry
  • Cellular Electrophysiology

Background:

  • Schizophrenia pathophysiology is linked to NMDA glutamate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist effects.
  • A leading hypothesis posits impaired NMDAR function in prefrontal cortex (PFC) fast-spiking interneurons (FSI).
  • Previous studies showed limited NMDAR currents in PFC FSI using local electrical stimulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if specific afferent inputs preferentially activate NMDARs in PFC FSI.
  • To explore the role of long-range inputs in driving NMDAR responses in FSI and pyramidal neurons.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized optogenetics to express opsins in brain regions projecting to the medial PFC (mPFC) in adult male mice.
  • Performed whole-cell recordings in mPFC slices to activate defined, homogenous sets of long-range inputs via light stimulation.
  • Measured NMDAR-mediated currents in FSI and pyramidal neurons.

Main Results:

  • Light stimulation of contralateral mPFC, ventral hippocampus, or mediodorsal thalamus inputs evoked NMDAR currents.
  • The vast majority of FSI and all recorded pyramidal neurons exhibited NMDAR-mediated currents.
  • Multiple long-range inputs were found to elicit NMDAR currents in mPFC FSI.

Conclusions:

  • The findings suggest that NMDARs are functional in mPFC FSI when activated by specific long-range inputs.
  • The NMDAR-hypofunction model of schizophrenia may involve reduced excitation from upstream sites rather than intrinsic FSI deficits.
  • This research refines our understanding of NMDAR roles in schizophrenia pathophysiology and PFC circuitry.