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Causality or causation is a fundamental concept in epidemiology, vital for understanding the relationships between various factors and health outcomes. Despite its importance, there's no single, universally accepted definition of causality within the discipline. Drawing from a systematic review, causality in epidemiology encompasses several definitions, including production, necessary and sufficient, sufficient-component, counterfactual, and probabilistic models. Each has its strengths and...
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Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Application of Granger Causality Analysis of the Directed Functional Connection in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment
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Causal Cognition, Force Dynamics and Early Hunting Technologies.

Peter Gärdenfors1,2, Marlize Lombard2,3

  • 1Cognitive Science, Department of Philosophy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.

Frontiers in Psychology
|February 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Ancient hunting technologies reveal the evolution of causal cognition in humans. Analyzing tools like spears and bows shows how technology extends our bodies and cognitive abilities for understanding cause and effect.

Keywords:
bow and arrowcausal cognitioncognitive evolutionforce dynamicshunting technologyspears

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Area of Science:

  • Paleoanthropology
  • Cognitive Evolution
  • Archaeology

Background:

  • Causal cognition is central to hominin evolution.
  • Previous research has established foundational concepts in causal thinking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze ancient hunting technologies as a lens for understanding the development of causal cognition.
  • To explore the relationship between technological advancement and cognitive evolution in the hominin lineage.

Main Methods:

  • Categorization of causal thinking into seven distinct grades.
  • Analysis of force dynamics inherent in various hunting technologies (stabbing spears, throwing spears, atlatl darts, bows and arrows, poisoned arrows).
  • Examination of the interplay between technological extension of the body and cognitive expansion.

Main Results:

  • Different hunting technologies require varying levels of causal reasoning.
  • The use of technology is intrinsically linked to the expansion of cognitive abilities for understanding causality.
  • A clear progression in cognitive demands is observed across different hunting tool complexities.

Conclusions:

  • Technological innovation and cognitive evolution are intertwined processes in human development.
  • Embodied cognition plays a significant role in interpreting the archaeological record.
  • This framework can elucidate technological variations observed between archaic and modern human groups.