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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

17.0K
An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
17.0K
Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair01:24

Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair

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The immune system's inflammatory response destroys the invading pathogen, permitting the tissue to heal. The changes during the cellular and vascular stages allow exudate formation at the site of inflammation. The inflammatory exudate released from the wound has high protein content and a specific gravity above 1.020.
The typical wound exudate is odorless, transparent, straw-colored, thin, and watery. Exudate, however, can differ depending on the state of wound healing. Likewise, the...
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The Extracellular Matrix01:42

The Extracellular Matrix

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Overview
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The Extracellular Matrix01:29

The Extracellular Matrix

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Overview
In order to maintain tissue organization, many animal cells are surrounded by structural molecules that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, the molecules in the ECM maintain the structural integrity of tissue as well as the remarkable specific properties of certain tissues.
Composition of the Extracellular Matrix
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is commonly composed of ground substance, a gel-like fluid, fibrous components, and many structurally and functionally diverse...
12.5K
Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

16.9K
The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis01:27

Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis

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Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, encompasses a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation or ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract.
Risk Factors
The exact cause of IBD remains unclear, although it is believed to be due to a mix of genetic, environmental, microbial, and immune factors. Genetic factors are significant in determining susceptibility to IBD, with family history being a critical risk factor. Individuals with a first-degree relative who has IBD are at...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Extraction of Extracellular Vesicles from Whole Tissue
09:03

Extraction of Extracellular Vesicles from Whole Tissue

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Targeting Inflammatory Vasculature by Extracellular Vesicles.

Sihan Wang1, Xinyue Dong1, Jin Gao1

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA.

The AAPS Journal
|February 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), cell membrane-derived nanoparticles, show promise for drug delivery. Nitrogen cavitation offers an efficient method for producing neutrophil-derived EVs for inflammatory therapies.

Keywords:
drug deliveryextracellular vesiclesinflamed endotheliumneutrophils

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Extraction of Extracellular Vesicles from Whole Tissue
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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Nanomedicine
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural cell membrane compartments involved in intercellular communication.
  • Naturally secreted EVs are explored for targeted drug delivery, but production limitations exist.
  • Nitrogen cavitation is an emerging technology for efficient EV-like particle generation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the production and purification of EVs.
  • To discuss technologies for improving EV production for clinical translation.
  • To summarize EV drug-loading processes and applications in inflammatory therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on EV biogenesis, production, and purification.
  • Focus on nitrogen cavitation as a method for generating EV-like systems.
  • Description of drug-loading techniques and therapeutic applications.

Main Results:

  • Nitrogen cavitation enables efficient production of EV-like systems.
  • Neutrophil-derived EVs produced via nitrogen cavitation show potential for inflammatory therapies.
  • Challenges in EV production and purification for translation are identified.

Conclusions:

  • EVs are promising drug delivery vehicles, especially for inflammatory conditions.
  • Nitrogen cavitation is a viable technology for scalable EV production.
  • Further technological advancements are needed for widespread clinical translation of EVs.