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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

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Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Schemas01:42

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A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
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Pediatric melanoma update.

Lindsay Mccormack1, Elena B Hawryluk2

  • 1University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.

Giornale Italiano Di Dermatologia E Venereologia : Organo Ufficiale, Societa Italiana Di Dermatologia E Sifilografia
|February 28, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pediatric melanoma, though rare, shows stable or declining incidence in some children. Diagnosis may require criteria beyond the standard ABCDEs, with dermoscopy aiding detection and genetic factors under investigation.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Oncology
  • Dermatology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Pediatric melanoma is a rare but significant diagnosis in children, accounting for 1-4% of all melanoma cases.
  • Incidence rates are stable or declining in certain pediatric populations, contrasting with general melanoma trends.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current literature on pediatric melanoma, focusing on epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
  • To highlight recent updates and challenges in understanding and managing melanoma in children.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epidemiological data, clinical presentations, diagnostic criteria, and etiological factors.
  • Examination of diagnostic tools like dermoscopy and genetic testing in pediatric melanoma.
  • Analysis of current treatment strategies, including sentinel lymph node management, adjuvant therapy, and immunotherapy.

Main Results:

  • Conventional ABCDE criteria may be insufficient for pediatric melanoma; alternative criteria (pediatric-ABCD, CUP) are proposed.
  • Dermoscopy is a valuable tool for identifying suspicious lesions and monitoring in children.
  • Genetic alterations (e.g., TERT promoter, BRAF, NRAS) are implicated, but molecular workup is not standard for diagnosis.

Conclusions:

  • Diagnosis of pediatric melanoma may require adapted criteria and tools like dermoscopy.
  • Ongoing research into genetic factors is crucial for understanding pathogenesis.
  • Treatment decisions are evolving with advances in understanding melanoma biology and therapeutic options.