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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Phase Diagrams02:39

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Phase Transitions in Small Isotropic Bicelles.

Erik F Kot1,2, Sergey A Goncharuk1,3, Alexander S Arseniev1,2

  • 1Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences RAS , str. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10 , Moscow 117997 , Russian Federation.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|February 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Isotropic bicelles, crucial for membrane protein studies, exhibit fractional phase transitions, where gel and liquid phases coexist. This confirms small bicelles accurately mimic lipid membrane properties for structural analysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Structural Biology
  • Membrane Biophysics

Background:

  • Isotropic phospholipid bicelles are advanced membrane mimetics for solution-state protein studies.
  • Understanding lipid-detergent mixing in bicelles is key, necessitating studies on lipid phase transitions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate lipid phase transitions and temperature-induced growth in isotropic bicelles.
  • Validate small bicelles as reliable membrane mimetics by confirming phase transition behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, specifically 31P NMR.
  • Analyzed phase transition properties of bilayer-forming lipids within bicelle structures.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated "fractional" phase transitions in small bicelles, with coexisting gel and liquid-crystalline lipid phases.
  • Confirmed that lipid fatty acid chain type influences bicelle behavior, mirroring bulk lipid properties.
  • Showed temperature-induced bicelle growth results from reversible fusion, not phase transitions.
  • Identified that rim detergents impact phase transition sharpness and temperature.

Conclusions:

  • Small isotropic bicelles accurately reproduce fundamental lipid membrane phase transition properties.
  • Phase transitions occur even in the smallest bicelles suitable for membrane protein structural studies.
  • This work resolves long-standing questions regarding the utility of small isotropic bicelles for structural biology.