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Sex and Aging: A Comparison between Two Phenoptotic Phenomena.

Giacinto Libertini¹

¹Independent researcher, member of the Italian Society for Evolutionary Biology, Italy. giacinto.libertini@tin.it.

Biochemistry. Biokhimiia

|March 1, 2018

Summary

Phenoptosis, a programmed death phenomenon, encompasses aging and sexual reproduction. These traits, while reducing individual fitness, can enhance evolutionary potential and are favored under specific ecological conditions like K-selection.

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Area of Science:

Evolutionary Biology
Genetics
Gerontology

Background:

Phenoptosis is defined as genetically programmed death or increased mortality risk favored by natural selection.
Aging and sexual reproduction (sex) are presented as examples of phenoptosis, as they reduce individual fitness.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze aging and sex as phenoptotic phenomena.
To investigate the similarities between aging and sex.
To theoretically examine the genes regulating these phenomena.

Main Methods:

Theoretical analysis of genes involved in phenoptosis.
Examination of selection pressures (individual vs. supra-individual).
Consideration of ecological conditions (K-selection vs. r-selection) and population dynamics (finite vs. unlimited).

Main Results:

Genes causing phenoptosis require analysis considering both individual and supra-individual selection.
Phenoptotic genes enhance evolutionary velocity and potential (evolvability).
These genes are favored in K-selection and finite populations, but disfavored in r-selection and unlimited populations.

Conclusions:

Phenoptosis, including aging and sex, plays a crucial role in evolution.
The existence of asexually reproducing or non-aging species is predicted under specific conditions.
Understanding phenoptosis offers insights into evolutionary strategies and species diversity.