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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Nanog induced intermediate state in regulating stem cell differentiation and reprogramming.

Peijia Yu1, Qing Nie2, Chao Tang3,4

  • 1Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.

BMC Systems Biology
|March 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pluripotent stem cells exhibit diverse cellular states. A gene regulatory network model reveals that a low Nanog state facilitates differentiation but slows reprogramming, highlighting Nanog

Keywords:
Cell differentiationGene networkIntermediate cellular stateNanogStem cellsiPS cell reprogramming

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Systems biology

Background:

  • Pluripotent stem cells exhibit heterogeneous gene expression, indicating multiple coexisting cellular states.
  • While regulators of cellular states are known, their dynamic mechanisms and the significance of heterogeneity remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the bimodal Nanog distribution in stem cells using a gene regulatory network model.
  • To elucidate the dynamic mechanisms underlying cellular state transitions and the role of Nanog.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a gene regulatory network model.
  • Simulations to analyze Nanog distribution and cell state dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Identified a novel role for dynamic conversion between high and low Nanog states.
  • Demonstrated that the low-Nanog state acts as an intermediate, reducing differentiation barriers.
  • Showed that the low-Nanog state slows reprogramming, necessitating additional Nanog activation for full reprogramming.

Conclusions:

  • Nanog plays a dual role in stem cell differentiation and reprogramming.
  • The intermediate low-Nanog state is crucial for efficient cell state transitions.
  • The modeling approach provides a general method for analyzing key regulatory factors in cell fate decisions.