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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

2.0K
Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Short-distance Transport of Resources02:12

Short-distance Transport of Resources

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Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
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Xylem and Transpiration-driven Transport of Resources02:03

Xylem and Transpiration-driven Transport of Resources

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The xylem of vascular plants distributes water and dissolved minerals that are taken up by the roots to the rest of the plant. The cells that transport xylem sap are dead upon maturity, and the movement of xylem sap is a passive process.
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Buffer Effectiveness02:19

Buffer Effectiveness

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Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
The buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added to a given volume...
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Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

8.0K
Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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Tonsillitis II: Management01:26

Tonsillitis II: Management

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This lesson will focus on the different treatment options for managing tonsillitis, which typically depend on the cause and severity.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

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A Resource for Managing Immunotherapy Side Effects

    Cancer Discovery
    |March 1, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Checkpoint inhibitors, a cancer treatment, can cause unique side effects. New guidelines offer clinicians strategies for managing these immune-related adverse events.

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Oncology
    • Clinical Medicine

    Background:

    • Checkpoint inhibitors represent a significant advancement in cancer therapy, approved for multiple cancer types.
    • These immunotherapies can elicit distinct side effect profiles compared to traditional chemotherapy and targeted agents.
    • Management of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) is crucial for patient safety and treatment adherence.

    Discussion:

    • The unique nature of irAEs necessitates specialized clinical guidance.
    • Understanding the mechanisms behind irAEs is key to effective management.
    • Early recognition and intervention can mitigate treatment complications.

    Key Insights:

    • Recently published guidelines offer comprehensive descriptions of potential side effects associated with checkpoint inhibitors.

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  • These guidelines provide evidence-based recommendations for the clinical management of irAEs.
  • Adherence to guidelines can improve patient outcomes and quality of life.

    • Outlook:

    • Further research into predicting and preventing irAEs is warranted.
    • Continued refinement of management strategies will enhance the utility of checkpoint inhibitors.
    • Dissemination of these guidelines is essential for widespread clinical adoption.