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Atomic-like high-harmonic generation from two-dimensional materials.

Nicolas Tancogne-Dejean1,2, Angel Rubio1,2,3

  • 1Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.

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Researchers demonstrate high-order harmonic generation from 2D materials, achieving similar photon energies to atomic gases. This breakthrough offers a novel solid-state approach for compact extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray sources.

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Area of Science:

  • Attosecond science and strong-field physics
  • Condensed matter physics and materials science
  • Quantum optics and photonics

Background:

  • High-order harmonic generation (HHG) in atomic and molecular gases produces high-energy photons and ultrashort pulses.
  • Efficiently obtaining similar photon energies from solid-state systems could enable more compact extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and soft X-ray sources.
  • Existing HHG models are primarily based on atomic and molecular systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the feasibility of generating high-order harmonics from free-standing monolayer materials.
  • To compare the HHG process in 2D materials with established atomic HHG mechanisms.
  • To explore the potential of 2D materials for novel compact XUV and soft X-ray sources.

Main Methods:

  • Ab initio simulations were employed to model high-order harmonic generation in free-standing monolayer materials.
  • The semiclassical model was used to describe electron trajectories driven perpendicularly to the monolayer.
  • Analysis focused on electron-electron interactions, local-field effects, and electron wave packet recombination dynamics.

Main Results:

  • High-order harmonics were successfully generated from monolayer materials with an energy cutoff comparable to atomic and molecular gases.
  • Electron behavior in the perpendicular driving field limit showed qualitative similarities to atomic HHG, with distinct differences in ionization and recombination steps.
  • Electron-electron interactions and local-field effects significantly influenced ionization, while the 2D material's infinite extension favored harmonic yield scaling.

Conclusions:

  • A novel and efficient solid-state method for generating high-order harmonics using 2D materials has been established.
  • These 2D material-based sources offer an energy cutoff and favorable wavelength scaling similar to atomic and molecular gas systems.
  • Two-dimensional materials provide a versatile platform for investigating both bulk and atomic-like HHG, potentially extending the capabilities of current sources.