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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

A Versatile Murine Model of Subcortical White Matter Stroke for the Study of Axonal Degeneration and White Matter Neurobiology
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An augmented aging process in brain white matter in HIV.

Taylor Kuhn1,2, Tobias Kaufmann3, Nhat Trung Doan3

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 740 Westwood Plaza, C8-746, Los Angeles, California, 90073.

Human Brain Mapping
|March 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary

HIV infection accelerates brain aging, indicated by a higher brain age gap in HIV-positive individuals. This accelerated aging correlates with poorer cognitive function and higher viral load, especially in older adults.

Keywords:
DTIHIVcognitive agingmachine learningneuropsychology/behavior

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Both HIV infection and aging contribute to neurodegeneration.
  • The specific impact of aging on neurodegeneration in HIV-positive individuals is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether HIV infection accelerates brain aging compared to HIV-negative individuals.
  • To explore the relationship between brain aging, HIV severity, and cognitive function.

Main Methods:

  • Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was used to assess white matter microstructural properties in HIV-positive and HIV-negative participants.
  • A machine learning model predicted brain age from DTI metrics in healthy adults and was applied to the HIV cohort to calculate the brain age gap (BAG).
  • Statistical analyses examined the association of BAG with HIV viral load, comorbidities, and cognitive performance.

Main Results:

  • HIV-positive individuals exhibited a significantly higher brain age gap (BAG) than HIV-negative individuals.
  • Higher HIV RNA viral load was associated with a greater BAG, particularly in older HIV-positive individuals.
  • An increased BAG correlated with poorer performance in learning and memory domains.

Conclusions:

  • HIV infection is linked to accelerated white matter aging.
  • Greater brain aging in the context of HIV is associated with impaired cognitive function across multiple domains.