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Related Concept Videos

Work Done During Volume Change01:17

Work Done During Volume Change

5.2K
In mechanics, work is done on an object when the force acting on it displaces the object. In thermodynamics, work done on a system can be estimated when the system's volume changes during any thermodynamic process.
Consider a gas confined to a cylinder fitted with a movable piston at one end. If the gas expands from volume V1 to volume V2, it exerts a force on the piston, such that the piston moves by a distance dr.
The work done by the gas on the piston can be expressed as
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Unsoundness of Aggregate due to Volume Change01:26

Unsoundness of Aggregate due to Volume Change

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Unsoundness in aggregates due to volume changes is primarily caused by the physical alterations aggregates undergo, such as freezing and thawing, thermal changes, and wetting and drying. Unsound aggregates, when subjected to these changes, result in volume change upon disintegration. This, in turn, contributes to the deterioration of concrete, including scaling, pop-outs, and cracking. Particular types of aggregates, such as porous flints, cherts, and those containing clay minerals, are...
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Le Chatelier's Principle: Changing Volume (Pressure)02:32

Le Chatelier's Principle: Changing Volume (Pressure)

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For gas-phase equilibria, changes in the concentrations of reactants and products can occur with altered volume and pressure. The partial pressure, P, of an ideal gas is proportional to its molar concentration, M.
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Quantifying Work02:30

Quantifying Work

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As a system undergoes a change, its internal energy can change, and energy can be transferred from the system to the surroundings, or from the surroundings to the system.
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Constant Volume Calorimetry02:41

Constant Volume Calorimetry

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Calorimeters are useful to determine the heat released or absorbed by a chemical reaction. Coffee cup calorimeters are designed to operate at constant (atmospheric) pressure and are convenient to measure heat flow (or enthalpy change) accompanying processes that occur in solution at constant pressure. A different type of calorimeter that operates at constant volume, colloquially known as a bomb calorimeter, is used to measure the energy produced by reactions that yield large amounts of heat and...
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Le Chatelier's Principle: Changing Temperature02:19

Le Chatelier's Principle: Changing Temperature

35.6K
Consistent with the law of mass action, an equilibrium stressed by a change in concentration will shift to re-establish equilibrium without any change in the value of the equilibrium constant, K. When an equilibrium shifts in response to a temperature change, however, it is re-established with a different relative composition that exhibits a different value for the equilibrium constant.
To understand this phenomenon, consider the elementary reaction:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

An Efficient and Reproducible Protocol for Distraction Osteogenesis in a Rat Model Leading to a Functional Regenerated Femur
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An Efficient and Reproducible Protocol for Distraction Osteogenesis in a Rat Model Leading to a Functional Regenerated Femur

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A Novel Method for Quantifying Intracranial Volume Change by Distraction Osteogenesis for Craniosynostosis.

Michael G Brandel, Cecilia L Dalle Ore, Chris M Reid

    Annals of Plastic Surgery
    |March 1, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Posterior distraction is more efficient for intracranial volume expansion in craniosynostosis repair than anterior distraction. A new metric adjusts for growth, significantly impacting distraction osteogenesis (DO) efficiency analysis.

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    Creating Rigidly Stabilized Fractures for Assessing Intramembranous Ossification, Distraction Osteogenesis, or Healing of Critical Sized Defects
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    Creating Rigidly Stabilized Fractures for Assessing Intramembranous Ossification, Distraction Osteogenesis, or Healing of Critical Sized Defects

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    Area of Science:

    • Craniofacial Surgery
    • Pediatric Neurosurgery
    • Biomedical Engineering

    Background:

    • Inconsistent reporting methods for distraction osteogenesis (DO) in craniosynostosis hinder efficacy comparisons.
    • Lack of a uniform metric prevents objective evaluation of different DO techniques and timing for intracranial volume (ICV) expansion.
    • Cranial vault remodeling with DO involves varied approaches, necessitating analysis of their relative efficiencies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the relative efficiency of different DO approaches in expanding ICV.
    • To assess the impact of adjusting for ICV growth on measured DO efficiency.
    • To establish a standardized metric for analyzing ICV changes achieved by DO.

    Main Methods:

    • Quantified ICV change using preoperative and postoperative CT scans in patients with craniosynostosis treated with DO.
    • Developed a novel metric: percent ICV change divided by total distraction length, as a proxy for DO efficiency.
    • Compared distraction efficiencies between anterior and posterior approaches using statistical tests (Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon signed-rank).

    Main Results:

    • Posterior distraction demonstrated significantly higher efficiency (4.28%/mm) compared to anterior distraction (0.99%/mm) (P = 0.007).
    • Secondary posterior distraction was also significantly more efficient than secondary anterior distraction (5.16 vs 0.62, P = 0.050).
    • An adjusted metric accounting for normal ICV growth significantly altered the calculated efficiency for anterior distraction (0.39%/mm vs unadjusted, P = 0.0001).

    Conclusions:

    • Posterior distraction is a more efficient method for ICV expansion in craniosynostosis repair compared to anterior distraction.
    • The novel standardized metric allows for adjusting DO efficiency for expected ICV growth, providing a more accurate assessment.
    • Findings may inform the choice of surgical approach for craniosynostosis repair, optimizing ICV expansion outcomes.