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Gender Ideologies in Europe: A Multidimensional Framework.

Daniela Grunow1, Katia Begall2, Sandra Buchler1

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This study challenges the simple traditional-to-egalitarian view of gender ideology, revealing five distinct profiles across Europe. Mixed egalitarian and essentialist views are increasingly common, even in traditional societies.

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cultural diversityfamily policygendergender rolesmeasurementquantitative methodology

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Area of Science:

  • Sociology
  • Gender Studies
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • Traditional unidimensional models of gender ideology (ranging from traditional to egalitarian) are increasingly recognized as problematic.
  • Recent research suggests a need for more nuanced frameworks to capture the complexity of gender beliefs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and operationalize an alternative, multidimensional framework for understanding gender ideologies.
  • To identify distinct gender ideology profiles within European populations.
  • To examine the cross-national variation in the prevalence of these profiles.

Main Methods:

  • Latent class analysis was employed using data from the 2008 European Values Study.
  • Eight European countries, representing a spectrum of work-family policies, were selected for analysis.

Main Results:

  • Five distinct gender ideology profiles were identified: egalitarian, egalitarian essentialism, intensive parenting, moderate traditional, and traditional.
  • All five profiles were present in every country, but their proportions varied significantly.
  • Ideologies blending gender essentialist and egalitarian perspectives appear to be supplanting purely traditional views, even in countries with supportive policies for traditional gender roles.

Conclusions:

  • Gender ideologies are multidimensional and cannot be adequately represented on a single traditional-to-egalitarian continuum.
  • The identified profiles offer a more refined understanding of how gender beliefs are structured and distributed across European societies.
  • The findings highlight a societal shift towards more complex, often mixed, gender ideology profiles, even in contexts that historically supported traditional gender roles.