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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is an ever-changing landscape. It is described as a fluid mosaic where various macromolecules are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. Among the macromolecules are proteins. The protein content varies across cell types. For example, mitochondrial inner membranes contain ~76% protein content, while myelin contains ~18% protein content. Individual cells contain many types of membrane proteins—red blood cells contain over 50—and different cell...
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A key characteristic of life is the ability to separate the external environment from the internal space. To do this, cells have evolved semi-permeable membranes that regulate the passage of biological molecules. Additionally, the cell membrane defines a cell’s shape and interactions with the external environment. Eukaryotic cell membranes also serve to compartmentalize the internal space into organelles, including the endomembrane structures of the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

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Modified polyether-sulfone membrane: a mini review.

Noof A Alenazi1, Mahmoud A Hussein1,2, Khalid A Alamry1

  • 1Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Designed Monomers and Polymers
|March 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Surface modification of polyethersulfone membranes enhances hydrophilicity, reducing biofouling. Amino functionalization with nanomaterials improves biological activity and membrane performance.

Keywords:
Polyether-sulfoneamination processchemical modificationscoatingmembranesurface modification

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Membrane Technology

Background:

  • Polyethersulfone (PES) offers excellent mechanical and thermal properties for medical and waste-treatment membranes.
  • PES hydrophobicity leads to biofouling, limiting its application in membrane technology.
  • Surface modification is crucial for overcoming PES limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review chemical modification methods for enhancing polyethersulfone membrane hydrophilicity.
  • To explore the role of amino functional groups in modifying PES surfaces.
  • To examine the use of amino-functionalized PES with nanomaterials for improved membrane performance.

Main Methods:

  • Review of chemical surface modification techniques for polyethersulfone.
  • Focus on methods introducing amino functional groups.
  • Analysis of incorporating nanomaterials onto amino-functionalized PES membranes.

Main Results:

  • Surface modification effectively introduces hydrophilic properties to PES membranes.
  • Amino functionalization serves as a key strategy for hydrophilicity and nanomaterial integration.
  • Composite membranes show potential for enhanced biological activity and reduced fouling.

Conclusions:

  • Chemical surface modification, particularly amino functionalization, is vital for improving PES membrane performance.
  • Integrating nanomaterials with amino-functionalized PES offers a promising route to combat biofouling.
  • Modified PES membranes demonstrate potential for advanced applications in water treatment and biomedicine.