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Multiple Allele Traits01:49

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
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Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Genetic Material01:20

Genetic Material

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Within the human body, a complex and detailed system of trillions of cells works in unison to sustain life. Each cell houses a nucleus, which contains 46 chromosomes divided into 23 pairs. Chromosomes are highly coiled structures made of the genetic material DNA. These chromosomes are essential carriers of genetic information, with half inherited from the mother through her egg and the other half from the father's sperm, combining to create the unique genetic makeup of an individual.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
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Flexible Photonic Crystal Material for Multiple Anticounterfeiting Applications.

Chang-Yi Peng, Che-Wei Hsu, Ching-Wen Li

    ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
    |March 2, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers developed inexpensive, flexible photonic crystal (FPC) polymer films using nanoimprinting. These films exhibit tunable, full-color diffraction and offer novel anticounterfeiting applications, paving the way for smart materials.

    Keywords:
    anticounterfeitingflexible photonic crystal polymerfluorophoresfull-color gratingnanoimprintingsecond-order diffraction

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    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Optics
    • Nanotechnology

    Background:

    • Flexible photonic crystals (FPCs) offer unique optical properties.
    • Nanoimprinting is a viable technique for fabricating nanostructures.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a cost-effective method for producing flexible polymer films with tunable photonic crystal structures.
    • To investigate the optical properties and anticounterfeiting potential of these FPC films.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of polycarbonate films with nanohemispherical structures using nanoimprinting.
    • Characterization of optical properties using diffraction analysis.
    • Evaluation of tunable color properties through geometric deformation.
    • Assessment of anticounterfeiting features via engraving and fluorophore patterning.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully fabricated flexible polymer films exhibiting full-color diffraction gratings.
    • Confirmed energy transfer to the second-order diffraction spectrum via Bragg's formula.
    • Demonstrated tunability of color properties through mechanical deformation due to film elasticity.
    • Achieved effective anticounterfeiting by combining structural patterns with fluorophores.

    Conclusions:

    • Nanoimprinting provides an inexpensive and scalable method for producing FPC polymer films.
    • These films possess tunable optical properties and robust anticounterfeiting capabilities.
    • The developed FPC films represent a new generation of smart materials with diverse applications.