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Related Concept Videos

Peroxisomes and Mitochondria01:30

Peroxisomes and Mitochondria

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Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration—the process that converts energy from food into ATP. Peroxisomes carry out a variety of functions, primarily breaking down different substances, such as fatty acids.
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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
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The energy stored by a structure and location of matter in space is called potential energy. For instance, raising a kettlebell changes its spatial location and increases its potential energy. Similarly, a stretched rubber band contains potential energy which, under certain conditions, can be converted into other forms of energy, such as kinetic energy.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Multi-parameter Measurement of the Permeability Transition Pore Opening in Isolated Mouse Heart Mitochondria
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Potential Roles for G-Quadruplexes in Mitochondria.

Micol Falabella1, Rafael J Fernandez2, F Brad Johnson2

  • 1University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine and Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.

Current Medicinal Chemistry
|March 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Guanine-rich sequences form G-quadruplexes (G4) in DNA and RNA. This review explores how G4 structures may regulate mitochondrial function, drawing parallels with nuclear genome evidence.

Keywords:
G-quadruplexesG4 ligandmitochondrial gene expressionmitochondrial genome instabilitymtDNAmtDNA deletions.mtDNA depletion

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Guanine-rich sequences form noncanonical G-quadruplex (G4) structures in DNA and RNA.
  • Nuclear G4 motifs are linked to genome stability and gene regulation.
  • Emerging evidence suggests G4 structures form in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and are associated with mtDNA deletions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the potential regulatory roles of G-quadruplex structures in mitochondrial function.
  • To explore G4 formation in the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA).

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on G-quadruplexes in nuclear and mitochondrial genomes.
  • Analysis of existing data linking G4 motifs to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) stability and function.

Main Results:

  • G-quadruplexes (G4) are increasingly recognized as regulatory elements in the nuclear genome.
  • Potential G4 forming sequences are implicated in the origin of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions.
  • The regulatory functions of G4 structures within mitochondria remain largely unexplored.

Conclusions:

  • G-quadruplex (G4) structures hold potential for regulating mitochondrial function.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the specific roles of G4 in mtDNA regulation and mitochondrial physiology.