Hadean silicate differentiation preserved by anomalous ¹⁴²Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios in the Réunion hotspot source

Active volcanic hotspots can tap into domains in Earth's deep interior that were formed more than two billion years ago. High-precision data on variability in tungsten isotopes have shown that some of these domains resulted from differentiation events that occurred within the first fifty million years of Earth history. However, it has not proved easy to resolve analogous variability in neodymium isotope compositions that would track regions of Earth's interior whose composition was established by events occurring within roughly the first five hundred million years of Earth history. Here we report ¹⁴²Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios for Réunion Island igneous rocks, some of which are resolvably either higher or lower than the ratios in modern upper-mantle domains. We also find that Réunion ¹⁴²Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios correlate with helium-isotope ratios (³He/⁴He), suggesting parallel behaviour of these isotopic systems during very early silicate differentiation, perhaps as early as 4.39 billion years ago. The range of ¹⁴²Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios in Réunion basalts is inconsistent with a single-stage differentiation process, and instead requires mixing of a conjugate melt and residue formed in at least one melting event during the Hadean eon, 4.56 billion to 4 billion years ago. Efficient post-Hadean mixing nearly erased the ancient, anomalous ¹⁴²Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd signatures, and produced the relatively homogeneous ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd composition that is characteristic of Réunion basalts. Our results show that Réunion magmas tap into a particularly ancient, primitive source compared with other volcanic hotspots, offering insight into the formation and preservation of ancient heterogeneities in Earth's interior.