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Related Concept Videos

Genome Annotation and Assembly03:36

Genome Annotation and Assembly

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The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base pairs in many eukaryotic organisms. Genome assembly refers to the process of taking the DNA sequencing data and putting it all back together in a correct order to create a close representation of the original genome. This is followed by the identification of functional elements on the newly assembled genome, a process called genome annotation.
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pre-mRNA Processing02:01

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
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Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
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The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Isolation and Genome Analysis of Single Virions using 'Single Virus Genomics'
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Improving eukaryotic genome annotation using single molecule mRNA sequencing.

Vincent Magrini1, Xin Gao1, Bruce A Rosa1

  • 1McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA.

BMC Genomics
|March 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) single-molecule real-time sequencing significantly improved genome annotation for the hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum. This advanced RNA-Seq approach identified new genes and enhanced existing gene structures, including non-coding regions.

Keywords:
Ancylostoma ceylanicumGene lociGenome annotation improvementHookwormPacific bioscience mRNA sequencing

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Parasitology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The parasitic hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum poses a significant health concern.
  • Accurate genome annotation is crucial for understanding parasitic organisms and developing control strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance the genome annotation of Ancylostoma ceylanicum using Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing.
  • To leverage the long reads, low bias, and high accuracy of PacBio SMRT technology for improved gene discovery and characterization.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of 192,888 circular consensus sequences (CCS) from cDNA using the CloneTech SMARTer system.
  • Normalization and size-selection of SMARTer-SMRT libraries to enrich for expressed structural genes.
  • Application of PacBio RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) for genome annotation.

Main Results:

  • Identification of 1609 (9.2%) new genes and extension of 3965 (26.7%) existing genes.
  • Increase in total genomic exon length by 1.9 Mb (12.4%) and a fifteen-fold increase in non-coding sequence representation (UTRs).
  • Discovery of a novel SL2 splice leader sequence for A. ceylanicum and an increase in functionally annotated genes.

Conclusions:

  • PacBio SMRT sequencing offers a significant improvement for genome annotation compared to conventional methods.
  • This technology is a valuable tool for enhancing the annotation of complex genomes, particularly in parasitic organisms.
  • PacBio RNA-Seq is a compelling alternative or complementary technique for transcript sequencing in genome annotation projects.