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Related Concept Videos

Detailed Structure and Function of Lymph Nodes01:23

Detailed Structure and Function of Lymph Nodes

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Lymph nodes are bean-shaped structures that cluster along the lymphatic vessels in the inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions. Each node is divided into compartments by a capsule that extends trabeculae inward.
From a histological perspective, lymph nodes can be split into two main areas: the superficial cortex and the deep medulla. The outer cortex is populated by dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes, which are densely packed into follicles. When these B-lymphocytes are presented...
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Metastasis02:30

Metastasis

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Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...
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Node Analysis for AC Circuits01:14

Node Analysis for AC Circuits

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Consider an angioplasty system featuring a catheter equipped with a turbine, a critical tool for removing plaque deposits from coronary arteries. This intricate medical device operates using a circuit model reminiscent of a dual-node RLC circuit powered by a current-controlled voltage source.
To unravel the complexities of this system, nodal analysis is employed, a powerful technique founded on Kirchhoff's current law (KCL), which remains valid for phasors. AC circuits can effectively be...
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Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Transport01:16

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Lymphatic vessels, known as lymphatics, are crucial in transporting lymph from peripheral tissues to our venous system. This process begins with lymph entering through tiny capillaries that branch through tissues. These capillaries have unique features such as larger diameters, thinner walls, and a distinctive one-way valve system formed by overlapping endothelial cells.
This one-way system allows fluids, solutes, and even pathogens to enter but prevents their return to the intercellular...
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Fluid Connective Tissues: Blood and Lymph01:20

Fluid Connective Tissues: Blood and Lymph

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Blood and lymph are fluid connective tissues. They contain cells, also known as formed elements, circulating in a liquid extracellular matrix, the plasma. The formed elements are derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Blood and lymph connect all vital parts and carry nutrients, oxygen, and other essential molecules like antibodies.
Blood
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Cancer02:18

Cancer

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Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Author Spotlight: A Model to Study the Systemic and Local Dynamics of CD8+ T Cells During LN Metastasis
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Lymph Node Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer.

Ming Jin1, Wendy L Frankel2

  • 1Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, S305E Rhodes Hall, 450 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.

Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America
|March 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Accurate lymph node examination is vital for colorectal cancer patients. This review covers key staging issues, tumor deposits, micrometastasis, lymph node ratio, and neoadjuvant treatment effects, incorporating AJCC 8th edition updates.

Keywords:
Colon cancerLymph node ratioMetastatic lymph nodeMicrometastasisNeoadjuvant treatment effectRectal cancerStagingTumor deposit

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pathology
  • Surgical Oncology

Background:

  • Lymph node examination is critical for cancer treatment and prognosis.
  • Accurate staging of lymph node metastasis is essential in colorectal cancer management.
  • Current guidelines and literature present challenges in lymph node assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review critical and challenging issues in lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer.
  • To provide an update based on the AJCC 8th edition staging manual.
  • To clarify controversies and definitions related to lymph node pathology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and analysis of current guidelines.
  • Utilizing the AJCC staging manual and College of American Pathologists cancer protocol.
  • Discussion of specific topics including tumor deposits, micrometastasis, and lymph node ratio.

Main Results:

  • Detailed review of lymph node staging criteria.
  • Exploration of definitions and controversies surrounding tumor deposits and micrometastasis.
  • Evaluation of the lymph node ratio as a prognostic factor and neoadjuvant treatment effects.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate pathologic examination of lymph nodes is fundamental for colorectal cancer patient care.
  • Understanding current controversies and AJCC 8th edition updates improves staging accuracy.
  • Standardized assessment of lymph node metastasis enhances treatment decisions and prognosis prediction.