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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
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Laser Microdissection Applied to Gene Expression Profiling of Subset of Cells from the Drosophila Wing Disc
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Laser microdissection and gene expression profiling in the human postmortem brain.

Kai-Christian Sonntag1, Tsung-Ung W Woo2

  • 1Laboratory for Translational Research on Neurodegeneration, Belmont, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.

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|March 3, 2018
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Summary

Laser microdissection and gene expression profiling of human brain tissue reveal cell-specific pathologies in neuropsychiatric disorders. This approach aids in understanding disease mechanisms and developing targeted treatments.

Keywords:
RNA integritymicroarraysneural circuitsneuropsychiatric disorders

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Neuropsychiatric disorders involve dysfunctional neural circuits.
  • Understanding cell type-specific pathologies is crucial for disease mechanism discovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline a methodology using laser microdissection and gene expression profiling for studying human brain tissue.
  • To highlight critical factors for successful experiments and data interpretation.
  • To emphasize the importance of protein-level validation and functional studies.

Main Methods:

  • Laser microdissection of postmortem human brain tissue.
  • Gene expression profiling to identify differentially expressed genes.
  • Protein-level validation of findings.
  • Investigating gene expression manipulation to assess phenotypic rescue.

Main Results:

  • The described approach enables interrogation of cell type-specific pathologies.
  • Key factors influencing experimental success include sample purity, RNA quality, and data analysis.
  • Protein validation and functional studies are essential for mechanistic insights.

Conclusions:

  • Laser microdissection combined with gene expression profiling is a powerful tool for neuropsychiatric disorder research.
  • This approach can generate novel hypotheses leading to a deeper understanding of disease mechanisms.
  • The ultimate goal is the development of targeted therapeutic interventions.