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Related Concept Videos

Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction01:30

Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction

2
Drug–drug interactions can precipitate toxicity through multiple mechanisms. Absorption interactions alter how drugs enter the body, exemplified when ranitidine increases the absorption of basic drugs, while cholestyramine decreases the levels of propranolol. Protein binding interactions occur when drugs share the same binding sites on plasma proteins. Drugs like aspirin and warfarin, when bound in excess, can lead to increased free drug concentrations, enhancing the potential for...
2
Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions01:25

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions

469
Drug interactions occur when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another substance, either enhancing or diminishing its activity. The drug whose activity is altered is known as the object drug, and the substance causing the alteration is called the agent drug or the precipitant. The net effects of these interactions are mostly undesirable, leading to decreased effectiveness or increased adverse effects. In rare cases, interactions can be beneficial, such as the enhanced...
469
Bioequivalence of Drugs: Drugs with Multiple Indications01:09

Bioequivalence of Drugs: Drugs with Multiple Indications

167
The concept of therapeutic equivalence (TE) in drugs with multiple indications is complex. A generic drug may be therapeutically equivalent to a brand-name product for one specific indication, but this doesn't necessarily mean it's equivalent for all other indications. Evidence of TE in one patient group and bioequivalence shown in healthy volunteers can support—but not confirm—TE for other indications. However, definitive proof requires individual clinical studies for each...
167
FDA Approved Drugs: Changes to Approved Drugs01:26

FDA Approved Drugs: Changes to Approved Drugs

277
Post-approval, manufacturers may modify an approved new or generic drug product. Such modifications can encompass alterations in the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API), manufacturing process, formulation, batch size, manufacturing site, and container closure system (FDA Guidance for Industry, April 2004). Often, a drug product may undergo multiple changes.These modifications require careful evaluation to determine their potential impact on the drug product's identity, strength, quality,...
277
Tissue-Drug Binding: Localization of Drugs and its Significance01:24

Tissue-Drug Binding: Localization of Drugs and its Significance

456
Body tissues, comprising approximately 40% of the body weight, are crucial in drug distribution and localization. These tissues can serve as drug storage sites, competing with plasma binding sites for drug molecules.
Drugs can bind to different tissue components, enhancing their distribution and localization. The factors influencing drug localization in tissues include the drug's lipophilicity, structural characteristics, tissue perfusion rate, and pH differences. These factors determine...
456
Factors Affecting Protein-Drug Binding: Drug Interactions01:23

Factors Affecting Protein-Drug Binding: Drug Interactions

617
Drug interactions are a critical aspect of pharmacology and can occur when two or more drugs compete for the same binding site. This competition can result in one drug displacing another, altering the effect of the displaced drug. Drug interactions are complex processes that rely heavily on how much of the displacer drug is present and how strongly it can bind to the same sites as the displaced drug.
Displacement interactions can have varying outcomes, ranging from toxicity to virtually...
617

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The obesity supine death syndrome (OSDS).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Application of Optical Coherence Tomography to a Mouse Model of Retinopathy
08:22

Application of Optical Coherence Tomography to a Mouse Model of Retinopathy

Published on: January 12, 2022

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[Antimalarial drug retinopathy].

A Guiot1, M Couturier1, J G Tebib1

  • 1Hospices civils de Lyon, centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, département de Rhumatologie, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.

La Revue De Medecine Interne
|March 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Antimalarial drugs like hydroxychloroquine can cause toxic retinopathy, leading to irreversible vision loss. Early detection through regular eye screenings is crucial for patients on long-term antimalarial therapy.

Keywords:
Antimalarial drugAntipaludéens de synthèseElectroretinogramLupus érythémateux systémiqueRetinopathyRétinopathie toxiqueSystemic lupus erythematosusÉlectrorétinogramme

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Antimalarial drugs are widely prescribed for systemic diseases.
  • These medications pose a risk of toxic retinopathy, potentially causing blindness.

Observation:

  • A case study of a 32-year-old male with systemic lupus erythematosus on long-term hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine therapy.
  • The patient presented with bilateral vision loss and bull's eye maculopathy after years of treatment.

Findings:

  • Fundus examination revealed bull's eye maculopathy.
  • Multifocal electroretinogram confirmed severe parafoveal functional impairment, indicating severe toxic retinopathy.

Implications:

  • Highlights the risk of severe antimalarial drug toxicity.
  • Emphasizes the importance of adhering to updated American Academy of Ophthalmology screening guidelines for early detection.
  • Underscores the need for increased clinical awareness and implementation of these screening protocols.