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Maternal bacteria selectively colonize infants, establishing a persistent gut microbiome essential for development. Environmental strains can later influence this microbiome, with mode of birth impacting initial transmission.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiome research
  • Infant development
  • Bacterial transmission

Background:

  • Vertical transmission of bacteria from mother to infant is thought to initiate lifelong host-microbe symbiosis crucial for early development.
  • Understanding the origin, persistence, and replacement of infant gut bacteria requires tracking unique microbial strains.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the selective transmission and persistence of maternal bacterial strains in infants.
  • To determine the influence of birth mode and environmental factors on infant gut microbiome composition.
  • To track the long-term dynamics of bacterial colonization in the infant gut.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized rare single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in fecal metagenomes.
  • Analyzed samples from infants and their family members.
  • Compared bacterial strain transmission in vaginally born versus Cesarean-born infants.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated selective and persistent transmission of maternal bacterial strains (Actinobacteria, Bacteroidia) to vaginally born infants, persisting for at least one year.
  • Observed a lack of maternal strain transmission in Cesarean-born infants at birth.
  • Documented environmental strain replacement of initial colonizers, including influx from family members, starting after the first year and continuing into adulthood.
  • Maternal Clostridia strains were not detected in infants, despite their abundance in mothers.

Conclusions:

  • The infant gut is primarily seeded by selected maternal bacteria, forming a stable community.
  • Mode of birth significantly impacts initial bacterial colonization.
  • Ongoing, albeit rare, influx of bacterial strains from the family environment shapes the microbiome throughout life.