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Related Concept Videos

Amyloid Fibrils03:03

Amyloid Fibrils

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Amyloid fibrils are aggregates of misfolded proteins.  Under most circumstances, misfolded proteins are either refolded by chaperone proteins or degraded by the proteasome. However, in the case of a mutation or a disease, these proteins can accumulate to form large clusters and often further assemble to form elongated fibers, called fibrils. 
Amyloid deposits were observed as early as 1639 in the liver and the spleen.   In 1854, Rudolph Virchow performed iodine staining,...
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Amyloid Fibrils03:03

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Translation01:31

Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

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The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Transesophageal Atrial Burst Pacing for Atrial Fibrillation Induction in Rats
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Translational Challenges in Atrial Fibrillation.

Jordi Heijman1, Jean-Baptiste Guichard1, Dobromir Dobrev1

  • 1From the Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Canada (J.-B.G., S.N.); University Hospital of Saint-Étienne, University Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne, France (J.-B.G.); Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen (D.D., S.N.); and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (S.N.).

Circulation Research
|March 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Atrial fibrillation (AF) treatments face limitations. Future advances in personalized therapy, dynamic modulators, targeted mechanisms, and substrate response are crucial for improving AF management and patient outcomes.

Keywords:
anti-arrhythmia agentsatrial fibrillationcatheter ablationprecision medicinetranslational medical research

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Translational Medicine
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a prevalent heart rhythm disorder with significant morbidity and mortality.
  • Current AF treatments have notable limitations, including effectiveness and adverse effects.
  • Basic research offers insights into AF mechanisms but faces translational challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze limitations in current AF management, particularly rhythm control therapy.
  • To explore translational opportunities from recent scientific and technological advancements.
  • To project future solutions for improved AF understanding and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current AF therapeutic limitations (e.g., resistance, complications, development difficulties).
  • Analysis of translational challenges: patient-specific mechanisms, dynamic modulators, targeted therapies, and substrate response.
  • Examination of opportunities from cardiac imaging, computational modeling, monitoring, ablation, and preclinical studies.

Main Results:

  • Identified key limitations in current AF rhythm control therapies.
  • Highlighted four major translational challenges for personalized and effective AF treatment.
  • Showcased how technological advances create opportunities to address these challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Significant translational challenges impede optimal AF management.
  • Advances in technology offer promising avenues for personalized and targeted AF therapies.
  • Future research focusing on these challenges is essential for improving patient outcomes in atrial fibrillation.