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A spontaneous process is one that occurs naturally under certain conditions. A nonspontaneous process, on the other hand, will not take place unless it is “driven” by the continual input of energy from an external source. Processes have a natural tendency to occur in one direction under a given set of conditions. Water will naturally flow downhill (spontaneous process), but uphill flow (nonspontaneous process) requires outside intervention such as the use of a pump. Iron exposed to...
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Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).
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The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction or the other depending upon the temperature of the substance in question. Likewise, some chemical reactions can also exhibit temperature-dependent spontaneities. To illustrate this concept, the equation relating free energy change to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process is considered:
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In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes that involve an increase in entropy of the system (ΔS > 0) are very often spontaneous; however, examples to the contrary are plentiful. By expanding consideration of entropy changes to include the surroundings, a significant conclusion regarding the relation between this property and spontaneity may be reached. In thermodynamic models, the...
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Spontaneous consecutive esotropia.

Nathalie Voide1,2, Matthieu P Robert3,4

  • 1AP-HP, Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants malades, 149, rue de Sèvres, Paris, 75015, France. nathalie.voide@fa2.ch.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spontaneous conversion from infantile exotropia to esotropia or orthophoria is uncommon but can occur. This strabismus sequence may be linked to the developing visual system in infants.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pediatric Neuro-ophthalmology
  • Strabismus Research

Background:

  • Consecutive esotropia is a known complication after strabismus surgery.
  • Spontaneous conversion from infantile exotropia to esotropia or orthophoria is rare.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe infants with spontaneous conversion from large-angle infantile exotropia to esotropia or orthophoria.
  • To investigate an uncommon strabismus sequence in infants.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective case series of infants diagnosed with early large-angle exotropia.
  • Study conducted at a tertiary ophthalmology department between 2009 and 2015.
  • Inclusion criteria: spontaneous conversion to esotropia or orthophoria without prior intervention.

Main Results:

  • Ten cases (6 male, 4 female) were analyzed.
  • Median age at exotropia diagnosis was 3.88 months.
  • Median age at spontaneous conversion was 7.23 months.
  • Associated conditions included severe neurologic/metabolic diseases and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.

Conclusions:

  • Spontaneous conversion from large-angle exotropia to esotropia or orthophoria is possible in infants.
  • Cerebral maturation of visual structures is a likely factor in this strabismus evolution.