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Related Concept Videos

Energy Diagrams, Transition States, and Intermediates02:13

Energy Diagrams, Transition States, and Intermediates

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Free-energy diagrams, or reaction coordinate diagrams, are graphs showing the energy changes that occur during a chemical reaction. The reaction coordinate represented on the horizontal axis shows how far the reaction has progressed structurally. Positions along the x-axis close to the reactants have structures resembling the reactants, while positions close to the products resemble the products.  Peaks on the energy diagram represent stable structures with measurable lifetimes, while...
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition
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Controlling Stochasticity in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Through Multiple Intermediate Cellular States.

Catherine Ha Ta1, Qing Nie1, Tian Hong1

  • 1Department of Mathematics, Univ. of California Irvine Irvine, CA 92697-3875, USA.

Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems. Series B
|March 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multiple intermediate phenotypes in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) stabilize cell populations. More sub-states increase stem cell population stability, revealing a systems design advantage for heterogeneous cell populations.

Keywords:
Noise attenuationcellular plasticityheterogeneous cell populationmulti-step EMTmultiple intermediate phenotypesstem cell dynamics

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular plasticity and developmental biology
  • Cancer progression and stem cell research
  • Mathematical modeling in biological systems

Background:

  • Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial cellular process involved in development, regeneration, and cancer.
  • EMT is increasingly understood as a multi-step, reversible process with potential intermediate phenotypes.
  • The functional significance of these intermediate states and their role in stem cell populations remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional role of multiple intermediate phenotypes in the EMT spectrum.
  • To determine how intermediate states contribute to the stability of heterogeneous cell populations.
  • To elucidate the design principles governing heterogeneous stem cell populations.

Main Methods:

  • Development and analysis of mathematical models simulating the EMT process.
  • Quantification of population fluctuations and stability under varying numbers of intermediate phenotypes.
  • Investigation of noise attenuation mechanisms within the EMT system.

Main Results:

  • Multiple intermediate phenotypes in EMT attenuate population fluctuations, stabilizing heterogeneous cell compositions.
  • The system's noise attenuation capacity is directly dependent on the number of intermediate states.
  • Increased numbers of intermediate stem cell sub-states enhance overall population stability.

Conclusions:

  • The existence of multiple intermediate EMT phenotypes offers a systems-level advantage by stabilizing cell populations.
  • Heterogeneous stem cell populations benefit from a greater number of sub-states for enhanced stability.
  • This study provides insights into the design principles of robust, heterogeneous stem cell systems.